188体育

1.1 This practice note deals with the rental adjustment stage of the鈥疪evaluation 鈥痯rocess - it does not cover either of the subsequent stages of rental analysis and scheme creation. Any toning of rental evidence to the鈥痑ntecedent valuation date (AVD) should be carried out at the scheme creation stage.听

1.2 The correct adjustment and analysis of rental evidence are vital to the successful preparation and maintenance of a鈥痳ating list.听

1.3 From the outset, it cannot be over-emphasised how important it is to exercise skill, care and caution in the performance of this work. If properly done, it should assist in the production of accurate valuations and will save many hours of effort when the assessments which are based on it come to be scrutinised by persons making proposals and appeals.听

1.4 The theoretical background of the rating hypothesis, and the problems to be overcome in order to bring market evidence into line with it, will be explained to help the reader understand more clearly the reasons why we adjust in the way we do. The opportunity is also taken to consider the areas of dispute which may arise in respect of the VOA鈥檚 approach to virtual rents and its application in the rating context.听

1.5 The general guidance and background given here are not intended to provide specific answers to particular local problems: these will be covered, as necessary, by appropriate local instructions.听

1.6 It must be emphasised that many agreements between landlords and tenants are extremely complex; in some cases, a completed Rent Return (FOR) or Rent and Lease Details (RALD) form may not cover all the facts relating to the rent. In such instances, as well as in cases where the FORs or RALDs have not been fully completed, supplementary questionnaires should be sent. It is not uncommon for the details of lease agreements to be covered by confidentiality clauses. Such clauses are personal to the parties. Occupiers and owners are not however exonerated from having to comply with the legal requirement to complete a 鈥楻equest for Information鈥�, 鈥楩orm of Return鈥� (FOR) or Rent and Lease Details (RALD) form.听

1.7 Rents will vary greatly in their reliability, and it is essential that all rents be carefully considered before identifying those which will be relied upon to create the valuation schemes. As a rule, the more adjustment that is required, the less reliable the rent will be. It is important that low or high rents are not dismissed out of hand as unreliable without first having ensured that there is sufficient additional evidence to justify departure and prove the basis.听

1.8 The VOA use the鈥�RICS Valuation, Global Standards 2020 (also known as the RICS 鈥楻ed Book Global鈥�), which is effective from 31 January 2020. This supersedes the 2017 version of the same name. At paragraph 4.3 of the RICS Valuation - Global Standards 2020, it explains that, for a number of jurisdictions, RICS publishes national supplements to the Red Book global standards to assist members in the application of those standards in a local context. At the time of writing, the latest Red Book UK National Supplement is dated 2018 (effective 14 January 2019). This supersedes the鈥痯revious supplement, the RICS Valuation Professional Standards UK January 2014 (revised April 2015). Whilst the 2014 version contained UK Guidance Note 6 on 鈥楢nalysis of commercial lease transactions鈥�, the revised version does not, it having been withdrawn for revision and anticipated future publication. This means UKGN 6 is not attached to any of the current versions of the red book at the time of writing. However, it is still available (attached to the 2014 version of the UK Red Book supplement) and is considered to be of assistance until a note is eventually published. Therefore, anyone citing the guidance contained in UKGN 6 should take care to stress it is currently not included in the current version of the 鈥楻ed Book鈥� and 鈥榰nder review鈥�. With that in mind, UKGN6 will continue be referred to in this note, in anticipation that on its re-release its guidance will remain broadly similar.听

1.9 UK Guidance Note 6 on 鈥楢nalysis of commercial lease transactions鈥� (UKGN 6) of 鈥楻ICS Valuation - Professional Standards UK鈥� as attached to the superseded RICS Red Book 2014 is very useful, in particular when dealing with rent free periods. A valuation for rating is made within a statutory framework, and so is not bound by the Red Book鈥檚 valuation technical and performance standards. However, the mandatory requirements of professional standards PS1 (compliance) and PS2 (Ethics) in the RICS Red Book Global Standards 2020 must still be observed.听

1.10 Whilst UKGN 6 is not mandatory for Valuation Officers making valuations for rating purposes, it is particularly relevant as it provides a 鈥榬eal world鈥� best practice approach to the particular challenge of adjusting and analysing commercial lease transactions. It is recommended reading but must be considered in full and in context where it is cited in any dispute about the approaches to adjusting rents taken by Valuation Officers, interested persons or representatives of interested persons.听

1.11 When aligning lease transaction to a common standard, UKGN 6 refers to 鈥榬ental analysis鈥� whereas the VOA describes this task as 鈥榬ental adjustment鈥�. In so doing, the VOA separates 鈥榬ental adjustment鈥� from the further 鈥榬ental analysis鈥� required where the 鈥榓djusted鈥� rent is analysed (using areas etc.) to derive a means of comparison between adjusted rents and assist in the statutory requirements of rating. Correspondingly, the VOA鈥檚 Rating Support Application (RSA) uses the term 鈥榬ental adjustment鈥� for what UKGN 6 refers to as 鈥榬ental analysis鈥�.

2.1鈥疶he objective of rental adjustment for rating purposes is to convert rental evidence into a form which is compatible with the definition of Rateable Value in Schedule 6 para 2(1) of the Local Government Finance Act 1988.听

2.2鈥疶he rental evidence obtained on FORs will rarely, if ever, accord with the definition of Rateable Value (RV). This is because:听

a. Commercial properties are normally let for a fixed term of years. The rental evidence is therefore unlikely to accord with the rating hypothesis, which assumes a tenancy from year to year with a reasonable prospect of continuance. Depending on the facts of the case, an adjustment of the rent reserved under the lease may be required鈥�(Consett Iron Co Ltd v North West Durham AC [1931] HL 14 R+IT鈥痑苍诲鈥�Humber Ltd v Jones (VO) and Rugby RDC [1960] CA 53 R+IT 293).听

b. Commercial leases contain a variety of covenants pertaining to user, repairing, insuring and servicing obligations, rent review and treatment of tenants鈥� improvements. To add to the complications, there may also be a hierarchy of leasehold interests subsisting in respect of the hereditament. Many such covenants are beyond the scope of, or do not accord with, the rating hypothesis. They may, however, have a direct impact on the rent passing.听

c. The contractual relationship between the actual landlord and tenant may be subject to modification by the provisions of the Landlord and Tenant Act (LTA) 1954. The effect of such modification on the rent that might otherwise have been agreed at the start of the lease or at any subsequent review or renewal should be carefully considered.听

d. Whilst for rating purposes, the whole hereditament is deemed to have been provided by the hypothetical landlord, in the real world the hereditament may be held under separate leases from different landlords and/or have been substantially altered at the tenant鈥檚 expense. The alterations may or may not have been carried out as a condition of the lease and therefore the rent may relate to something different to that which existed when it was determined 鈥� see LTA 1954 s34 as amended by s1 Law of Property Act (LPA) 1969.鈥�(GREA Real Property Investments Ltd v Williams EG 250/651/79鈥痑苍诲鈥疎states Projects Ltd v London Borough of Greenwich EG 251/851/79).听

e. Similarly, the hereditament is deemed to be vacant and to let without premium, but in the real world the present occupier may have paid a premium to the previous occupier or to the landlord鈥�(LCC v Erith and West Ham AC [1893]).听

f. During periods when the market is depressed reverse premiums are sometimes paid to a new tenant by the landlord or the previous occupier, or other incentives given in the form of rent-free periods in excess of any 鈥榥orm鈥� fitting out period or the transfer of liabilities to the landlord.听

g. The rent reserved under the lease may reflect development potential. Because the hereditament must be valued in its existing state any such element reflected in the rent will normally need to be ignored.听

h. Much rental evidence will derive from rent reviews determined by agreement or a third party (an arbitrator or independent expert) having regard to the detailed provisions in the鈥痩ease, which may be difficult to interpret or give rise to litigation. These provisions are frequently very complex and may differ substantially from the definition of鈥疪V. In most cases the terms provide for upwards only reviews and so in a declining market the rents determined might be in excess of the market value at the relevant date.听

The objective of rental adjustment is to arrive at the virtual rent which is the true equivalent annual cost of the hereditament to the lessee. It comprises the rent which is being paid adjusted to include the rental equivalent (positive or negative) of any incentives received and/or any expenditure incurred by the lessee. 鈥淚ncentives received鈥� may include a rent-free period, whilst the lessee paying a premium or bearing the cost of rateable alterations to the premises would fall under the heading of 鈥渆xpenditure incurred鈥�.听

This guidance describes the adjustments that may be required in order to adjust a rent into a virtual rent in Rateable Value鈥�(RV) terms. It will become clear that a virtual rent may not necessarily equate to the rent at which the hereditament might reasonably be expected to let from year to year on the statutory terms. The responsibility for deciding the weight to be attached to each virtual rent rests, out of necessity, within the unit, ultimately with the Unit VO personally. Each decision will call for the exercise of skill and care, grounded in experience and sound knowledge of the local property market.

3.1 There are no set rules governing the order of adjustment other than that the adjustment for repairs should be made last.鈥�(F W Woolworth and Co Ltd v Peck (VO) [1967] LT RA 365). However, to be consistent the following order has been adopted within the VOA鈥檚 RSA system, and this Practice Note provides detailed guidance for each adjustment in similar order.听

(i) VAT

(ii) Rent free periods/stepped rents

(iii) Premiums paid by and to the tenant

(iv) Tenant鈥檚 improvements

(v) Value of any surrendered lease

(vi) Overage or other lease terms

(vii) Domestic accommodation

(viii) Business rates and other payments

(ix) Repairing/insuring liabilities

4.1 Introduction听

The EEC 6th Directive sought harmonisation of VAT legislation throughout the member states on its issue in May 1977. VAT on land and buildings was introduced in the UK after a ruling given by the European Court in June 1988 that forced compliance with the 6th Directive. Following a period of consultation the government introduced the necessary amendment to the Value Added Tax Act 1983 by means of the Finance Act 1989 which, together with subsequent Statutory Instruments etc., formed the main VAT legislation until its consolidation in the Value Added Tax Act 1994 and the Value Added Tax Regulations 1995.听

4.2 VAT on rents听

Although VAT is often specified within leases to be recoverable from tenants as additional rent it is considered that it does not form part of the rent payable under the hypothetical tenancy. Such an approach would be justified if VAT were to be viewed as 鈥渦sual tenant鈥檚 rates and taxes鈥� although this would require an extension of the common understanding of this phrase. As identified below the imposition of the tax is likely to be inconsistent and its impact on underlying rents insignificant in most cases. The overwhelming need for a uniform basis for rating dictates that the RV is net of VAT. All rental adjustments should therefore be made on that basis.听

4.3 The Operation of VAT听

To appreciate the likely effects of VAT on rent it is first necessary to have a basic understanding of the way in which the tax operates. VAT is a tax on the supply of goods and services, which may be standard-rated, zero-rated or exempt. The VAT that a business charges on the goods or services that it supplies is called 鈥榦utput tax鈥�, and this must be passed on to HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) by the business at the end of each accounting period. The VAT that a business pays on the goods or services that it purchases in the course of its activities is called 鈥榠nput tax鈥�. The business will seek to recover this VAT from HMRC, but the right to recover the VAT incurred on such purchases, expenses etc. is dependent upon the use to which those items are put by the business, and the following provisions will apply.听

If the purchases听

a. are wholly used in making taxable supplies (standard or zero-rated), the input VAT is recoverable;听

b. are wholly used in supplying goods and services which are exempt from VAT or in activities which do not generate taxable supplies, the input VAT is not recoverable;听

c. are used in making both taxable and exempt supplies, the input VAT is only recoverable to the extent that the purchases are used in making taxable supplies.听

4.4 Application of VAT to property transactions听

Prior to 1 April 1989 a combination of exemption and zero-rating operated to the effect that virtually all transactions in land and buildings did not attract a liability to VAT, whilst in most cases any input VAT incurred in new construction could be reclaimed.听

Since that date the position can be briefly summarised as follows:听

a. the sale of the freehold of a 鈥渘ew鈥� commercial building or civil engineering work is standard-rated; (鈥渘ew鈥� in this context means within three years of the earlier of the date of a certificate of practical completion or the date the building is first fully occupied听

b. the sale of the freehold of an 鈥渙ld鈥� commercial building is exempt听

c. the grant of a lease of any length in buildings is exempt听

d. the sale of the freehold or the grant of a lease in land is exempt听

e. the surrender of a lease is exempt听

f. new building and civil engineering construction work is standard-rated听

g. new dwellings and certain property occupied by charities remain zero-rated听

h. Certain supplies have become standard-rated as follows:听

1. granting any right to take game or fish;听

2. providing - in an hotel, inn, boarding house or similar establishment - sleeping accommodation or accommodation in rooms provided in conjunction with sleeping accommodation or for the purpose of a supply of catering;听

3. providing holiday accommodation in a house, flat, caravan, houseboat or tent;听

4. providing pitches or other facilities for caravans (other than permanent residential caravans) or tents;听

5. granting vehicle parking facilities, except in conjunction with lettings of buildings;听

6. granting any right to fell and remove standing timber;听

7. granting facilities for housing or storage of an aircraft or for mooring or storage of a ship or boat;听

8. providing facilities such as a seat, box, or other accommodation at a sports ground, theatre, concert hall or other place of entertainment;听

9. granting facilities for playing any sport or participating in any physical recreation. A series of lets of sports facilities may be exempt in some circumstances.听

4.5 The election to waive exemption (option to tax)听

The principle effect of these changes would have been a significant increase in the liability to irrecoverable VAT for most property owners had it not been for the introduction of 鈥渢he election to waive exemption鈥� or option to tax as it has become known.听

From 1 August 1989 the option to tax permits a business to convert an exempt supply into one, which is taxable at the standard rate, thereby enabling the owner to recover any input tax payable on an acquisition, construction or refurbishment. With minor exceptions the option applies to any exempt supply (sale or lease) of commercial land or buildings. There is a strong incentive for landlords to elect to tax rents and the majority of transactions are expected to attract VAT, although the timing of its imposition may vary.听

4.6 The effect of VAT on tenants听

A decision by the landlord to elect to tax a building will have implications for the tenants. They will be faced with an additional percentage to pay on top of their existing rents and service charges (being usually expressed in leases as additional rent, the tax treatment of service charges will normally follow that of rent). Whether this impost will actually increase their overheads, or whether it will be purely a cash-flow cost depends upon each tenant鈥檚 VAT status.听

If, because it makes entirely VATable outputs, the tenant has full recovery of VAT on its overheads (as over 90% of all VAT registered businesses do) the VAT on the rent will generally be recoverable in the same way. The cost to such a tenant will be limited to the opportunity cost of the VAT until it is recovered from HMRC. Such tenants may nevertheless welcome the imposition of VAT, as a beneficial side effect may be to change any service charge from an exempt supply to a VATable supply, thus permitting the recovery of all VAT paid on the goods and services covered therein.听

However, for tenants who cannot recover all or any of the VAT on their expenditure, occupation costs will rise. The types of tenants likely to be most affected include banks, building societies, insurance companies, bookmakers, charities and small companies having a turnover below the VAT registration threshold (拢85,000 per annum from 1 April 2017 to date of writing). Such tenants are frequently referred to as VAT-averse.听

If a tenant sub-lets all or part of a building or land the VAT incurred on the rent paid to its landlord will become irrecoverable unless it also elects to tax the sub-letting.听

4.7 The likely effects of VAT on rents听

Most occupiers of non-domestic property are VAT registered trading organisations, over 90% of who are immune to the more serious adverse effects of the tax. The effect of VAT on their rental bids will in general be slight. However, the rents offered by the minority of tenants who are VAT-averse may well be influenced by the increased overheads of up to 20% of that rent. Either such tenants might reduce their rental bid or agree a higher rental in exchange for a binding undertaking that the landlord will not elect to tax the rent.听

The outcome of negotiations between individual landlords and tenants will reflect the relative strength or weakness of their respective bargaining positions. This may in turn depend on the supply of and demand for such properties. In a weak market it can be anticipated that the views of prospective tenants will hold greater sway than they might do when lettings are more plentiful. But it is essentially the balance of demand between VAT-averse and VAT-immune tenants which will determine whether there is any discernible effect on the rents agreed. Markets dominated by VAT-averse tenants, such as parts of the City of London, have the greatest potential for a duality of rental level but whether such a phenomenon does in fact exist is a matter to be determined by market evidence (see below).听

Rent reviews and lease renewals will be determined in accordance with the terms of the lease and/or the Landlord and Tenant Acts. If the terms of the lease are specific as to the assumption regarding VAT the resulting rent can be approached with certainty. However, frequently they are not, and the rent passing on review in such cases will need to be treated with caution.听

Valuers will need to exercise skill and judgement in deciding whether in any particular market some of the evidence is tainted by the uneven effects of VAT. It is thought unlikely to occur in practice but the possibility must not be overlooked.听

4.8 VAT rates and dates听

Rent inclusive of VAT should be adjusted by deducting the amount attributable to VAT. As the rent figure is gross of VAT the easiest way to do this is by dividing the gross rent by one plus the VAT rate ie if the VAT rate is 20% (since 4 January 2011) dividing the rent by 1.2.听

The rate to be deducted from any inclusive rent will be the rate payable at the time:

5.1 Background听

The collapse of some sectors of the property market in the late 1980s and early 1990s led to significant changes in market practice affecting both the lease terms and the financial aspect of new lettings. These have continued through the peaks and troughs of succeeding economic cycles.听

5.2鈥疶he standard 25-year institutional lease, for so long regarded as sacrosanct by landlords, was sacrificed in order to attract tenants. Shorter leases of 10 or 15 years were offered as well as break clauses and two-way rent reviews. This trend downwards in length has continued. On the financial side a variety of rental incentives were conceded by landlords including low rents, stepped rents, long rent-free periods, contributions towards fitting out, reverse premiums and taking over the tenant鈥檚 previous鈥€痮r property.听

5.3鈥疶hese changes have made it much harder for the valuer to interpret some market transactions and determine exactly what the deal equates to in rental terms. Many such deals are structured to keep the headline (or contractual) rent as high as possible thereby protecting the landlord鈥檚 reversionary interest. The parties to the transaction may have reasons for structuring a deal in a particular way, such as cash flow requirements or for taxation purposes.听

6.1鈥疶he presence of various financial inducements has led to much debate amongst the surveying profession on how best to adjust and analyse such transactions to arrive at an underlying (or real) rental level i.e. that which would be achieved if no incentives were offered. This is perhaps not surprising as valuers are seeking to adjust and analyse each individual deal which will have been the result of the circumstances affecting the particular landlord and tenant. As UKGN 6 in the now superseded version of the Red Book (January 2014, revised April 2015) puts it in paragraph 6.3, 鈥楾he choice of method is for the valuer to determine in the light of the individual circumstances.鈥� Set out below are some of the alternative approaches suggested by valuers together with details of the VOA鈥檚 preferred approach.听

6.2鈥疞andlords argue that the incentives are a one-off payment to the tenant for taking a lease and therefore should be amortised over the length of the lease (suggesting a high initial rental level). The tenant, on the other hand, argues that the effect of the incentives should be discounted over the period to the first review because the rent is then subject to review which will normally be to an open market rental level (giving the lowest possible equated rent).听

6.3鈥疊ecause the appropriate discount period varies according to the circumstances it will often fall somewhere between the two extremes. Some large firms of surveyors have advocated, as a compromise, that the incentives should be discounted over 10 years (i.e. normally to the second review). They argue that this should allow enough time for the open market rental value to grow to a level at or above the headline rent. They also suggest that 10 years is a reasonable period over which to write-off the cost of tenants鈥� fitting out works. It must be emphasised that this 10-year rule of thumb method is no more than a compromise and as such may be challenged because it does not necessarily address a particular deal or particular market conditions under consideration.听

6.4鈥疶o discount the rent over the 10-year period without further adjustment may also raise questions, implying an underlying rent is fixed for a 10-year period. Further adjustment ought to be considered, should it be required, to equate the rent to one which is subject to a 鈥榥ormal review pattern鈥� for that particular class of property in that particular location. This is commonly referred to as an 鈥榦verage鈥� adjustment: overage is considered in more detail at Paragraph 20.听

The correct period over which to equate rental flow will ultimately be a question of judgement based on the relative level of headline rent, type of incentive being granted and on local market conditions. The common theme of landlords鈥� incentives is that they involve a transfer of an asset (either money or money鈥檚 worth) initially from the landlord to the tenant in exchange for an enhanced rental flow in due course. It is considered correct to equate the income flows of the actual transaction with the rental flow which would normally be expected on the standard review pattern until the rental flows coincide (an exercise in discounted cash flow). This will usually be to the rent review when the market rental catches up with the headline rent; or the first tenant鈥檚 break clause - whichever is the sooner. Therefore, it is an essential pre-requisite to all rental adjustment for landlords鈥� incentives to estimate the projected rental growth for the short to medium term; to identify the timing of the tenant鈥檚 break clauses (if any); and whether such break clauses involve penalties in any form.听

If the prospects for rental growth are poor, then the open market rental value may well not exceed the headline rent at the first review. If the rent review mechanism is on an upwards only basis then the equation period should be extended to at least the next review.听

6.5鈥疶wo relatively recent cases have considered the analysis of rental evidence and provide some useful comments about the period over which incentives should be analysed:鈥�Morrison E F (GP) Ltd v Central Scotland Assessor [2004] RA 76 and Allen (VO) v Freemans plc [2011] RA 91.鈥疘n the Morrison case the decision of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland was to amortise at 6% until the second review at 10 years except where there was a break clause (exercisable with little or no penalty) at 5 years, when it adopted 5 years.听

In the Freemans case, reference should be made to para 75 of the decision:听

鈥楾he two rental comparables, TNT and Littlewoods, show values ITMS which are higher than the figure of 拢16 per sqm. How much higher depends upon how the reverse premium is analysed in each case. Mr Long analyses the premiums by calculating the annual equivalent rent over 5 years rather than 10 years because: 鈥淚 do not believe it is likely that there will be a nil increase at the first rent review.鈥� For Mr Long鈥檚 comment to be correct there would have to be compound annual rental growth of approximately 4%. In adjusting the Littlewoods comparable he assumes rental growth of only 2.5% pa from 2003 to 2005. I prefer Mr Allen鈥檚 view that the reverse premiums should be analysed over 10 years rather than 5 years.鈥櫶�

The Tribunal considered that, as rental growth would have been expected to be less than 4%, there would have been an anticipation of a nil increase on review and therefore, self-evidently, the parties saw the effect of the reverse premium applying beyond the first review.听

6.6 The various financial inducements and how they should be treated for adjustment purposes is detailed below in sections 7-10.

A rent-free period is a contractual arrangement that may occur at the beginning of a lease or at any time during the lease term. In UKGN 6 in the now superseded version of the Red Book (January 2014, revised April 2015) there is recommended guidance on the approach to rent free periods. It offers the following examples of what rent free periods may reflect:听

• Time to complete improvements (not mere fitting out),听

• A means for the landlord to lock in a tenant to a higher rent and thereby enhance the landlord鈥檚 position at the next review or renewal, and improve the investment value,听

• a negotiated acceptance by the tenant of out of the ordinary restrictions under the lease,听

• time for the tenant to fit out.听

Unless the lease has extraordinary restrictions (e.g. user or access) that are considered to be fully responsible for the granting of the whole rent free period (or part of it), then it is reasonable to assume the rent free period (or part of it) is an incentive that requires the 鈥榟eadline rent鈥� to be adjusted.听

Rent free period and fitting out听

A rent-free period is an inducement for which and adjustment is normally made. However this does not include periods granted to enable the tenant to complete or fit out the property for its occupation. No allowance should be given for these periods as the concession is only given to allow the tenant to complete works which, in the hypothetical world, are assumed to be carried out by the landlord or the tenant within the principle of rebus. In such cases the tenant derives no benefit from the property during the fit out period, as he is not occupying it for business. Thus when dealing with rent-free periods it is essential to exclude the period attributable to the normal fit out period for the type of property concerned. Only the period in excess of this 鈥榥orm鈥� should be treated as being an incentive from the landlord.听

Alignment with the RICS Red Book听

Guidance provided by UKGN 6 in the now superseded version of the Red Book (January 2014, revised April 2015) aligns with the VOA鈥檚 approach in dealing with rent free periods and incentives for fitting out; it is recommended that Valuation Officer consider UKGN 6 in full and in context (and bear in mind the notes in Paragraph 1 above). It allows for different approaches to rental adjustment and states that the person making the adjustment of the rent does so by weighing up all the facts. The VOA鈥檚 RSA system provides a 鈥榝irst-pass鈥� adjustment of a rent free period that firstly ignores any fitting out period; secondly takes the 鈥榬ent commencement date鈥� as the date of the start of the lease; and thirdly adopts a quarterly-in-advance approach to the time value of money. The VO then considers and overwrites the 鈥榝irst-pass鈥� RSA adjustment, weighing up all factors and making multiple adjustments where he or she considers it necessary to do so.听

RICS UKGN 6 (at its paragraph 5.1), offers three different methods when adjusting the rent to reflect the circumstances of the transaction.听

Method (a) or (1): Straight line听

Method (b) or (2): Time value of money听

Method (c) or (3): Discounted cash flow听

The rental adjustment software provided by the VOA鈥檚 RSA system incorporates an approach taking into account the time value of money (or discounting). It therefore aligns with method (b) or (2) of RICS UKGN 6.听

In examining its method (b) or 2, RICS UKGN 6 (at its paragraph 7) sets out two examples to illustrate the working of different methods. Example 1 is a fixed 5 year term; example 2 is a 15 year lease with 5 year upwards only rent reviews.听

In respect of example 1 under method (b) or (2), three approaches are put forward in RICS UKGN 6. These illustrate the use of (1) a target rate; (2) a capitalisation rate; and (3) headline rent target rate with an effective rent date. Approach (2) (using a capitalisation rate) is used below as a means of comparing the outcomes in UKGN 6 and those of the VOA鈥檚 RSA system:听

Conditions: Rent 拢100,000; capitalisation rate 6%; 1 year rent free; 3 months fitting out; capital payment 拢50,000; annually in arrears assumption.听

UKGN 6 illustrates (Method 2, Approach 2):

The VOA adopt quarterly in advance assumptions, so taking the same 鈥楻ICS UKGN 6鈥� approach:听

Conditions: Rent 拢100,000; capitalisation rate 6%; 1 year rent free; 3 months fitting out; capital payment 拢50,000; quarterly in advance assumption.

NB. RSA makes an adjustment for a rent-free period, regardless of length; it should be verified that the adjustment only covers the landlord鈥檚 incentive period. Therefore, if it is decided appropriate to exclude a 鈥榥ormal fit out period for the type of property concerned鈥� (as in the example above), it will be required to make that particular adjustment in RSA to achieve the same result.听

If the VO overwrites the RSA adjustment so that the fitting out period is incorporated, and taking into account the quarterly in advance assumption, the RICS Red Book and VOA approaches and outcomes are identical. The RSA system would produce 拢70,179. The VOA鈥檚 RSA system is therefore identical to UKGN 6 Method 2, Approach 2.听

However, RICS UKGN 6 offers a variation on Method 2, Approach 2, using an alternative fit-out assumption; that being the three month fit out period occurs before the start of the lease. This means the incentive is still 0.75 years of the one year total rent free, but the fit out period is assumed to be outside the 5 year lease term, so the headline rent period is 4.25 years and the effective rent 鈥榳rite-off鈥� period is the full 5 years.

On the same facts, the VOA鈥檚 rental adjustment application within RSA is fully capable of dealing with this in the same manner, albeit with quarterly in advance assumptions. However, before conducting the analysis, the lease details held on RSA (on the RALD, FOR or ORI) for 鈥楻ent commencement date鈥� must be checked to ensure it shows the 鈥榗orrect鈥� date for the start of the 5 year term (this being the end of the 3 month fit out period). The inputted lease term will remain 5 years, but the rent free period will need to be changed to ensure it shows 0.75 years, which is the reality of the rent-free period enjoyed by tenant under these particular assumptions.听

This may result in a mismatch between RSA and the details completed on the source document. In such instances, remarks must be placed on RSA (both on the source document, the RALD, FOR or ORI, and the rental adjustment application) explaining why in particular the 鈥榬ent commencement date鈥� and duration of rent-free period adopted are not those shown on the face of the source document (RALD, FOR or ORI).听

The following will result in the rental adjustment application in RSA:听

The VOA鈥檚 RSA system, with the same assumptions and properly overwritten as appropriate, produces the same results as RICS UKGN 6 method (b) or (2), approach 2. It also illustrates that the various adjustments are very close, ranging from 拢69,724 to 拢71,633 for this particular example.听

Interestingly, paragraph 7 of RICS UKGN 6 provided another illustration of an adjustment as 鈥楨xample 2鈥�. It considered a fifteen year lease term with 5 year reviews and compared the effect of making the adjustment over 5, 10 and 15 years, exploring at what juncture the effective rental value overtook the headline rent at either review. This is referred to in UKGN 6 as the 鈥榳rite off鈥� period. It concluded that only going past the first (and sometimes second) review can the headline rent, anticipated growth rates and various adjusted rents properly reflect incentives, particularly large incentives and long rent-free periods. This demonstrates that when it comes to rental adjustment any 鈥榟ard and fast rules鈥� must be treated with caution, and each adjustment approached on its own facts and circumstances.听

The fact there are three distinct methods, and three approaches to one of those methods, method (b) or (2), illustrates the various ways that the same rent can be adjusted, and this is remarked upon in UKGN 6 at paragraph 5.5.1. as follows: 鈥楾here are three major issues concerning the application of methods to the analysis of effective rental values from headline rents which do not impact equally on each method. These are the choice of write off period, the choice of any discount rate required and the choice of any growth rate鈥欌€︹€橫ethod 2 requires a write off period and a discount rate.鈥櫶�

At Paragraph 1.8 of UKGN 6 (text square brackets added): 鈥楾here is no single correct approach to analysis [鈥榓nalysis鈥� is referred to as 鈥榓djustment鈥� in VOA guidance] and, as illustrated in the examples (鈥�), no right answer. Methods may vary depending on the circumstances of individual cases and market practices in different areas and sectors. 鈥︹€樚�

At Paragraph 6.3 of UKGN 6 (text square brackets added): 鈥楾here are a number of methods of analysing [described as 鈥榓djusting鈥� by VOA] contract, face or headline rents in order to determine the level of effective rent for any individual transaction. The choice of method is for the valuer to determine in the light of the individual circumstances. 鈥︹€樚�

At Paragraph 6.4 of UKGN 6 (text square brackets added): 鈥楧ifferent methods of analysis [described as 鈥榓djusting鈥� by VOA] have been identified in (鈥�) [UKGN 6], ranging from simple addition of the benefits of the individual leases through conventional cash flow to more explicit cash flow approaches. The examples are not exhaustive and the methods not inclusive of all possible approaches. In addition, the methods are not mutually exclusive of each other and some or all can be used by valuers to support their valuation.鈥櫶�

The VOA鈥檚 approach is clearly aligned with the intent and approach of the RICS Red Book UKGN 6. It is therefore recommended that this Guidance Note be considered in full and in context where it is cited in any disputes about the approaches taken by both Valuation Officers and ratepayers in adjusting rents. It offers guidance that supports different approaches and encourages weighing up outcomes appropriately.听

Finally, at Paragraph 6.5 of UKGN 6: 鈥楾here are a number of important issues to consider when determining effective rental values (鈥�) variations in these inputs will have varying effects on the different methods and will create some uncertainty. This is normal in all valuations and it is for the valuer to determine the appropriate method for the different circumstances.鈥�

7.1 Further alternative examples of adjustments听

A new letting of an office block for a term of 20 years has been agreed with a rent-free period of 3 years in consideration of a headline rent of 拢1 million. The normal rent-free period for fitting out this type of property is 6 months and Rent Reviews are fixed, at 5 yearly intervals after the normal fitting out period and are on an upward only basis. There are no break clauses.听

The first stage of calculating the rental equivalent is to value the existing rental flow. The headline rent is above the market rent so it is inadvisable to use an all risks yield. The yield to be used should be the equated yield appropriate to the type of property and location concerned. This can be derived from a consideration of comparable market transactions.听

NB: All Years Purchase figures are based on rents paid quarterly in advance.

A comparison of the equivalent rentals produced by the 5-year and 10-year equations, 拢435,174 and 拢645,560, highlights the importance of approaching the 鈥榚quation鈥� over the appropriate period.

These rental values are derived on the assumption that after the first or second rent reviews the rental value will have grown to equal or exceed the headline rent. The minimum compound rental growth implied is therefore just over 18.1% or 4.5% pa respectively. Unless rental growth is anticipated at 18.1% pa or more it will be necessary to equate the rental flows at least until the second review.

However, the rental equivalent derived (拢645,560 pa) is a single rent payable for 10 years. This approach is only valid if the rental value at the review in 5 years鈥� time is expected to be no higher than the current underlying rental equivalent. A more normal arrangement assuming rising values, would be for a lower rent to be payable up to the first review with a higher rent payable thereafter. Essentially this is an overage problem and may be dealt with either by an ad hoc adjustment or by working back to a 鈥榙ay one rent鈥� and building in an increase at the first review in line with the expected level of rental growth at the date the听lease听was agreed.

If, in the example, rental growth is anticipated at say 5% pa the rental uplift at the first review will be 27.63%.

A traditional calculation would show

This equivalent rental value implies annual rental growth of 5% over the first 5 years, from 拢585,298 pa to 拢747,005 pa at first review and slightly over 6% rental growth to the second review to reach the headline rent. If this is viewed as unacceptably high, and no more than say 5% pa rental growth is anticipated to the second review then the rental equivalent must be calculated over 15 years as follows (it is however unlikely that growth will be uniform over such long period).

If the transaction included a tenant鈥檚 break clause then the equivalence period cannot extend beyond that date unless the penalties (the nature and impact of which should be reflected), or any other conditions, suggest that it is unlikely to be operated. Even where a break clause ends the period of adjustment, the impact of any penalties, such as capital contribution pay backs or unrecoverable rent payments, must be reflected in that adjustment.

The alternative rental flows can be illustrated graphically as follows.

7.2听Essentially the aforementioned calculations are an exercise in discounted cash flow. It may be considered unrealistic to assume uniform rental growth particularly with the longer equation periods and it may be preferable to vary the growth rate for each period or to estimate the review rents directly and use the implied compound growth rate merely as a check of the validity of that estimation.

7.3听In the above example it is possible to adjust the passing rent to show a range of equivalent rents between 拢435,174, taking a tenant鈥檚 鈥榚xtreme鈥� position and a rent approaching the headline figure, depending on the term over which the incentive is amortised 鈥� the longer the period the closer the equivalent rent will be to the headline figure.

7.4听The most important consideration is clearly the 鈥榚quation鈥� period. Support for the view that it should be taken as the period (excepting break clauses) to the rent review at which it is anticipated the open market rental value will reach the headline level is given in the RICS Red Book.

7.5听The now superseded version of the Red Book (January 2014, revised April 2015) covers the treatment of inducements in UKGN 6 The Analysis of Commercial Lease Transactions. This paper superseded RICS Valuation Information Paper No.8 with effect from January 2014.

7.6听At Paragraph 3.4 of UKGN 6, the Guidance Note states: 鈥樷€�.For any given package of lease incentives, it is only possible to determine the write-off period by assuming a future level of rental growth over the lease period. Therefore, a logical decision on write-off period can only be made in the context of an explicit cash flow analysis. If a conventional valuation approach is applied, there is no fundamental basis for that decision.

However, in the context of UK rent review negotiations, this decision has been based in the motivation of the parties within a conventional valuation framework. A write-off period to the end of the lease is preferred by landlords as it produces a higher effective rental value level from any headline rent and incentives package than if that same headline rent and package is written off to the first review only. The lower effective rental value determined when the incentives are written off to the first review only is obviously preferred by tenants (see UKGN 6 section 5, Analysing the transaction) 鈥︹€�

7.7听The ascertainment of the 鈥榚quation鈥� period necessarily involves a large element of subjectivity in relation to the expectation for rental growth at the time the听lease听was agreed. Clearly in cases where the incentive is such that only a modest and firmly expected level of rental growth is needed for the headline rent to be reached by the first review, the adjusted rent can be given much greater weight than a rent where there is uncertainty as to whether the equation should be taken further than the first rent review.

7.8听In cases where equation beyond the first review is being considered it is recommended that rental adjustment be undertaken on a range of possible and credible equation periods, underpinned by what is considered reasonable rental growth expectation, both optimistic and pessimistic. The (superseded) 2014 (revised April 2015) RICS Red Book UKGN 6 in paragraphs 5.5.1 etc discusses the need to decide on the appropriate 鈥榳rite-off鈥� period and how this will vary depending on when the headline rent will be superseded.

7.9听In any event the adjusted rent or range thereof should be tested against rents on similar properties which might provide a more direct and reliable guide to value and/or inform the decision as to where within any range of adjusted rents the rent in terms of听rateable value (ITRV) might finally settle.

The level of adjustment and subjectivity, particularly assumptions as to expected rental growth implicit in any analysis of this kind will undoubtedly affect the weight to be attached to the rent, which will be improved if supported by more direct evidence in respect of comparable properties.

8.1听Premiums paid to the tenant should initially be offset against expenditure on rateable fitting out/completion works undertaken at the tenant鈥檚 expense. Any balances should be considered as an inducement.

8.2听When carrying out the equivalence calculation the capital sum can be deducted directly (suitably discounted to present value if necessary) from the value of the actual rental flow.

8.3听Alternatively since a Reverse Premium is essentially a sum of money given to a tenant, which can be applied to pay the rent, they can be treated as equivalent to a rent-free period.

9.1听VOs will need to differentiate between contributions toward expenditure by the tenant on items, which will form part of the rateable hereditament, and those towards tenant鈥檚 non-rateable fixtures and fittings. Those covering the latter and any excess over reasonable expenditure will need to be treated as a reverse premium as outlined above.

Arguably the most difficult incentive given by a Landlord to adjust in rental terms will be the taking on of a liability previously faced by a tenant. This will often be in the form of the liability to pay rent (possibly in excess of the current rental value) on a tenant鈥檚 former building. An estimate of the value of the liability transferred will be needed where better rental information is not available. The recommended approach will be to estimate the burden of rent, rate and service charge taken on both during the period in which a new tenant for the accommodation is found and the cost of any subsidy or incentive borne thereafter. Again, this is likely to involve a consideration of the likely rental growth over the short to medium term. Such a liability could conceivably encompass the cost of dilapidations at the expiry of a lease. Once quantified the capital sum can be dealt with directly or related to an equivalent rent-free period.

11.1听It cannot be over-emphasised that premiums, especially large premiums, need to be treated with caution. They should not merely be dismissed without full consideration as they may help to provide an insight into the demand for, and therefore potentially the value of, a particular property or group of properties.

11.2听The period of amortisation of a premium also requires great care. If the premium is truly capitalised profit rent, then it should be amortised over the period to the first review or renewal where the basis is to open market rental value. This may result in a high rent, when compared to other open market evidence. One possible reason is that the evidence used in rent reviews and听lease renewals is often historic and in times of rising rents gives the tenant an advantage. It is also an indication of the imperfection of the market and the keenness of both landlords and tenants to reach an agreement. Once in possession the tenant is released from the pressure of having to secure the premises 鈥� such pressure can lead to higher rents. When adjusting any rent, it is for the valuer to consider the expectations of the parties to the transaction, noting any assumptions made in the adjustment of that rent (including making alternative adjustments of any one rent as appropriate). This will enable the person considering the evidence at a later stage to determine what weight to place on any particular rental adjustment of any particular rent.

11.3听Sometimes premiums are said to include in whole or part 鈥榢ey money鈥�, which is explored in paragraph 12 below. Where there is an element of key money, part of the premium may need to be amortised over the period to the first review with the balance, i.e. that element which it is estimated represents key money, over the expected occupancy of the incoming tenant, which may be beyond the end of the lease.

11.4听Having adjusted the premium the result should be carefully considered in the light of all other evidence available in order to judge the extent, if any, to which the transaction helps to either create or support the level of values.

11.5听Any virtual rent that includes a significant element derived from an amortised premium must be treated with caution especially if the premium was paid shortly before or shortly after a rent review, or commencement of the听lease.

12.1听A premium is the price paid by an actual or prospective lessee to a lessor or previous lessee, in consideration for the rent being below that which would otherwise be payable as the full rental value.

12.2听Treatment of premiums poses difficult problems of judgement because they rarely, if ever, show a consistent pattern. Traditionally premiums are regarded as being made up from any of the five elements set out below.

a. goodwill

b. tenant鈥檚 fixtures and fittings

c. stock

d. residual value of improvements ignored on review or renewal

e. capitalised profit rent/key money.

12.3听In order to correctly interpret and adjust for premiums it is important that the premium is broken down into component parts. This is because certain elements that might form part of the premium, i.e. goodwill, non-rateable fixtures and fittings and stock, form no part of the virtual rent and should be excluded from any sum to be amortised.

12.4 a) Goodwill

Goodwill forms no part of the rating hypothesis (except inherent or adherent goodwill in licensed premises, hotels, garden centres, etc.) and should be left out of account. Question 9.2 of RALD FOR VO 6003 asks for details of capital sums paid by tenants and specifically asks for any element attributable to goodwill to be excluded from the figure stated; adjustment should ordinarily therefore not be required.

Where the premium has been apportioned and a figure for goodwill is stated care should be taken to ensure that the apportionment is realistic. In instances where the nature of the business conducted in the property changes e.g. from a bookshop to a clothes shop, any figure stated as being for goodwill should be treated as being for the interest and included in the premium figure to be analysed.

12.5 b) Fixtures and fittings

Like goodwill, non-rateable fixtures and fittings form no part of the rating hypothesis and should not be reflected in the rent.

Care should be taken to ensure that any value apportioned for fixtures and fittings is realistic and does not include rateable items forming part of the听hereditament听the value of which should remain in the premium.

In instances where the FOR shows that a sum was paid for the trade fixtures and fittings, yet a change of trade indicates that they were of no value to the new tenant, the figure stated should be added back to the premium figure for analysis purposes.

12.6 c) Stock

When a business is transferred the value of any stock included in the transaction may be included as part of the premium.

Question 9.2 of RALD FOR VO 6003 asks for capital payments made by a tenant to the landlord or a previous tenant to exclude sums paid for the business rather than for the听lease; the capital sum quoted should therefore not require adjustment under this head.

12.7 d) Residual value of previous tenants鈥� improvements

If the previous tenant carried out improvements and assigned the听lease听the residual value of any improvements not to be reflected on rent review or听lease听renewal will not be included in the passing rent. However, if the previous tenant has sub-let the property then the value of the improvements will be reflected in the rent passing.

Part 12 of RALD FOR VO 6003 asks for details of any alterations, improvements, refurbishments, initial fitting out or initial repairs carried out by a previous occupier and, where appropriate, costs. There are obvious practical difficulties in determining the value involved if details are not provided on the FOR. Nevertheless, VOs still need to estimate or apportion the cost of the previous tenant鈥檚 works. The costs should then be amortised over the appropriate period as set out in Part 12 to arrive at an adjusted rent for the improved demise.

12.8 e) Capitalised profit rent/key money

Having arrived at a premium excluding goodwill, fixtures and fittings, stock and the residual value of the previous tenant鈥檚 improvements the balance remaining represents either capitalised profit rent or key money or a combination of the two.

The treatment of key money is a difficult area and one on which the surveying profession is divided. The only area where there is some commonality of view is that premium evidence cannot be ignored but equally it cannot be relied on as being fully reliable evidence. It must, therefore, be treated with great care and skill and given appropriate weight.

Generally, landlords and their agents hold the view that the whole of the premium represents capitalised profit rent and is paid because the prospective tenant thinks that the rental value is lower than that which he would have been prepared to pay if the property was available to let in the open market with vacant possession. In support of this view it is argued:

a. Premiums are a product of the unique nature of the property and its location and are paid because there is an excess of demand and very limited supply. The interaction between supply and demand which results in the payment of premiums are the same factors that ultimately determine rental values as well.

b. That it is quite common in prime locations to find new open market lettings at a level significantly above rents agreed on review or renewals.

c. That premiums are usually paid by large or national traders who are probably professionally advised and are unlikely to make ill-conceived bids.

Legal support for the decapitalisation of premiums in order to assess rental values can also be found in the case in听Ratners Jewellers v Lemnoll Ltd [1980] 255 EG 987. The case concerned an application for the determination of an interim rent as part of an application for a new听lease听where a substantial premium had been paid on assignment seven years earlier. Dillon J rejected the tenant鈥檚听agent鈥檚 view that the premium should not be taken into account because it included an element of key money. He held 鈥榯he decapitalisation of a premium paid on an assignment of a leasehold term into a rental equivalent is commonplace of valuation which is normally reliable鈥�.

Opponents of this approach, usually the tenants and their agents, argue that:

a. The result of treating premiums as capitalised profit rent often result in excessively high figures, which cannot be justified by reference to other market evidence.

b. Because large premiums/key money are normally only paid in respect of prime retail premises it is a payment solely to obtain occupation and with it the ability to trade and earn a profit, and the premium therefore represents the opportunity cost of occupation.

c. In some circumstances, companies are prepared to pay a premium; however, they would not always be prepared to pay an equivalent amount by way of increased rent. This can be for fiscal reasons or because a听lease听at less than the full rent would be easier to dispose of, albeit at a loss, if necessary.

13.1听Where the rent reserved under a听lease听or agreement is subject to, or has been the subject of increases or decreases to amounts that were determined at the commencement of the听lease, then it is known as a 鈥渟tepped rent鈥�. In addition, a听lease听which provides for a rent-free period will invariably specify the rent which will ultimately become payable and this is an extreme example of a stepped rent. For excess rent-free periods see Part 7.

13.2听It should be noted that a rent free or reduced rent period solely for the purposes of fitting out should not be treated as a stepped rent.

13.3听Account must be taken of the obligation of the lessee to pay the increased or decreased rent, when due, and this is done by calculating the equivalent rent which would have remained constant throughout the period. Care must be taken to ensure that when the rent being paid at the date of the form of return is already the subject of a predetermined increase or decrease, this fact is properly identified and care should also be taken to ensure that the rent is not erroneously identified as being the rack rental value of the听hereditament.

13.4听The adjustment is made firstly by calculating the present value of the stepped rents and then by taking the annual equivalent of this sum over the full period.

13.5听Any rent that is a stepped rent must be treated with caution. A worked example is set out below:

Example

The property is let on a 25 year听听at a rent of 拢50,000 for the first and second years with a step to 拢60,000 for years 3 and 4 and a further step to 拢70,000 in year 5. The equivalent rent can be calculated as follows:

The yields to be adopted should accord with the market investment rates for both the type of interest and the category or property.

13.6听In the above example the equivalent rent of 拢57,057 needs to grow by 22.7% over the 5 year period to equal the final step (or headline) rent of 拢70,000. If the implied growth is unrealistic then VOs should consider it over a 10-year period in accordance with Part 7.

13.7听Low rents can be dealt with similarly. Having identified the projected rental growth or review rent and the normal rent-free periods for such a transaction, the actual rental flow should be valued using an appropriate equated yield until the rental flows coincide, equating this with the value of the normal rental flow.

14.1听Five main types of improvements are commonly encountered:

a. initial repairs;

b. extensions, alterations and improvements;

c. fitting out a shell or new building;

d. fitting out an existing building;

e. previous tenants鈥� alterations, improvements and fitting out.

14.2听a) Initial repairs

Where a tenant takes a property in a poor state of repair and agrees, as a condition of the听lease, to put the premises into a reasonable state of repair the rent paid at the outset will most likely reflect the original condition of the building. Clearly putting the property into a reasonable state of repair will increase its rental value and the passing rent should therefore be adjusted to reflect the improved state. In all cases the cost of these initial repairs (see Question 12.1 of RALD FOR VO 6003) should be amortised to the first review, since the review rent will normally assume, if not a fact, that all repairs are complete.

14.3听b) Extensions, alterations and improvements

Works carried out to extend a property must be taken into account to the extent that they increase its rental value. The cost of the works (see question 12.1 of RALD FOR VO 6003) should be amortised over the appropriate period). Care should be taken when considering internal works or improvements to ensure that only those that would enhance the value of the property are amortised.

Generally, more weight can be placed on an analysis which has been based on the rent paid disregarding the improvement works and relating to the details of the unimproved building, i.e. an analysis of the rent based on the original demise. The more significant the adjustment made, the less reliable the rent becomes.

14.4听c) Fitting out a shell or new building

It is quite common for new shops or offices to be let in an incomplete state, often referred to as shell, or shell and core (see question 4.5 of RALD FOR VO 6003). The tenant will then be responsible for completing or 鈥渇itting out鈥� the property, often to the tenant鈥檚 own specific requirements.

The initial rent, and possibly even that after review, will reflect the shell condition and not the fitted unit. Details of the cost of fitting out are requested at Question 12.1 of RALD FOR VO 6003, but this figure may require adjustment prior to amortisation. Expenditure on fitting out is likely to vary considerably and care must be taken to ensure that expenditure on purely personal features, of no market value, is not included in that total cost. Likewise, if tenants鈥� non-rateable fixtures and fittings are included in the cost provided, the cost of these works should also be deducted.

14.5听d) Fitting out an existing building

Such matters as shop fitting and partitioning, will, by their very nature, reflect the personal (or corporate) taste and requirements of the actual tenant. The听hereditament is to be regarded as vacant and to let and the actual occupier will be one of the range of potential hypothetical tenants in competition for the premises. Improvements will be of value where for the purposes of the rating hypothesis they are deemed to form part of the听hereditament provided by the landlord, although in fact they were carried out by an occupier.

It is sometimes argued that the extent to which these improvements are of value is limited to one extra bid which the actual occupier (who must be considered as one possible hypothetical tenant) would need to make in order to overcome the interest of other competing hypothetical tenants. The counter argument is that the landlord knows that the property meets the specific requirements of the actual occupier and that if the landlord did not accept the tenant鈥檚 one extra bid the tenant would have to look for an alternative unit and then incur the expense of carrying out the fitting out work. It is therefore unlikely that in the higgling of the market the landlord and tenant would merely agree a value limited to one extra bid.

It is essential that all improvements (whoever has undertaken them) are considered on their merits and whether particular improvements are likely to have general appeal in the market or not is a matter of valuer judgement. A balanced view can only be reached after careful and critical consideration of all the available evidence.

14.6听e) Previous tenant鈥檚 alterations, improvements, and fitting out

The residual value of a previous tenant鈥檚 improvements should be treated with caution. Where the previous tenant assigned the interest, the residual value may be taken into account and the same principles apply as for the treatment of the current tenant鈥檚 improvements.

14.7听Landlord鈥檚 contributions towards fitting out

The landlord may have made a capital contribution towards the cost of the tenant鈥檚 fitting out in which case the contribution should be offset against the costs of the works. If the landlord has contributed the whole cost of the works then the rent should be treated as a fitted rent. If the landlord鈥檚 contribution exceeds the realistic cost of the rateable fitting out the balance should be treated as a reverse premium (see Section 8). Contributions towards the tenant鈥檚 fitting out may also allow the landlord to recoup either some, or all, of that sum by way of increased rent at the first and subsequent rent reviews.

The most common 鈥榗ontribution鈥� from the landlord is to grant the tenant a rent-free period while the works are being carried out. This merely reduces the cost to the tenant of the premises while he cannot occupy them. The concession will be reflected in the rent agreed. If the rent-free period is realistic and purely to allow for the tenant鈥檚 fitting out work, then no adjustment is required. If however the period is excessive, the excess period should be treated as a landlord鈥檚 inducement (see Section 7).

15.1听It is essential to remember that cost does not necessarily equate to value.

15.2听In听Edma Jewellers Ltd v Moore (VO) [1975] LT RA 343听the Lands Tribunal said (p350):鈥極n the one hand it would appear reasonable to assume that, if a tenant is prepared to pay for the benefits of occupation of the听hereditament partly by way of rent and partly by way of capital expenditure, he would also be prepared to pay the same amounts calculated in annual terms鈥� On the other hand, it is also possible to say that not all expenditure by the tenant necessarily improves the value of the landlord鈥檚听hereditament听in the market, vacant and to let鈥�. Furthermore, 鈥溾€t becomes necessary to examine closely the facts of each case, in order to appreciate the value of the expenditure to the actual tenant, and this must involve his thinking and expectations at the time when he undertakes to carry out his expenditure. It seems to me therefore that all expenditure must be looked at on its merits鈥�.

15.3听In amortising the cost of carrying out a wide variety of improvements such as those listed in 14.1 above, it has been standard VOA practice to adopt what is commonly known throughout the profession as the virtual rent approach. Virtual rent being the true equivalent annual cost of the听hereditament听to the lessee and comprising the rent which is being paid adjusted for, amongst other things, the rental equivalent of improvements to the听hereditament.

15.4 Dorothy Perkins v Casey (VO) [1994] LT RA 391听held that in certain circumstances when determining the appropriate amortisation rate, the application of the statutory decapitalisation rate needs consideration. The application of the statutory decapitalisation rate in ascertaining the rateable value is governed by the wording of the听Non-Domestic Rating听(Miscellaneous Provisions) (No 2) Regulations 1989 (as amended).

15.5听The 鈥楧orothy Perkins鈥� decision provides a legal and evidential framework which the UT(LC) may follow if confronted with similar issues. Such evidence should be sought as would provide a clear and unambiguous indication as to how the value of such improvements is being reflected in the open market and in rating practice.

15.6听A step-by-step process should be applied to the evidence submitted, with the next step applying only if a satisfactory answer is not to be found from the previous step.

Step 1:听look at rental evidence to see if it is clearly established how these improvements are quantified in the rental market.

Step 2:听consider rating settlements to see if they clearly establish in value terms the effect on the assessment of such improvements.

Then, if these steps fail to provide the required evidence, and only then,

Step 3:听have regard to the individual cost of providing those improvements, or a modern alternative, on the听hereditament听so as to determine their value to a tenant.

15.7听The decision provides useful guidance on the hierarchy of evidence to be considered when seeking to quantify the value of improvements, and that regard to cost should only be made as a last resort in the absence of better more direct evidence of rental value.

15.8听Whilst the wording of the 1989 Regulations, as considered in 鈥楧orothy Perkins鈥�, was the same for 1990 and 1995 rating lists for both England and Wales, the wording of the Regulations was amended in respect of the 2000 rating lists for England only. Although the 2000 Welsh amending regulations did not alter the wording governing the application of the statutory decapitalisation rate, which remains as considered in the Dorothy Perkins appeal, the accompanying explanatory notes, although having no statutory force, imply an intention that a similar result should apply. However, the 2005 and 2010 Regulations for both England and Wales are both in accord.

15.9听For the purpose of the 2000 and subsequent rating lists the amended 1989 Regulations apply a prescribed decapitalisation rate only in respect of those hereditaments the听rateable value听of which is ascertained using the contractor鈥檚 basis of valuation. This was considered by the Upper Tribunal in paras. 92-101 of Berry (VO) v Iceland Foods Limited [2015]听UTLC0014 (LC), where it was concluded that the contractor鈥檚 basis was adopted in making an addition for the air handling system and the statutory decapitalisation rate used.

15.10听Therefore where, in a rental or comparative听valuation, step 3 of the above approach is reached and treatment of improvements is by reference to a contractor鈥檚 basis of valuation (being the actual cost), the statutory decapitalisation rate ought to be used. However, in dealing with improvements as part of a听rental adjustment, the traditional virtual rent approach, as adopted prior to the 鈥楧orothy Perkins鈥� decision should be followed. The rental value of the improvements should be considered having regard to the amortised cost, using appropriate market rates and an amortisation period which has proper regard to both the likely useful life of the improvement and the terms of the听lease听against the background to which the improvement costs were incurred.

15.11 Devaluation of improvements as part of a听rental adjustment听remains a 鈥榬eal world鈥� consideration (as in 鈥楨dma Jewellers鈥�), ideally taking into account what is in the minds of the parties when the expenditure is being carried out. It is only when it comes to making the听valuation, where a contractor鈥檚 basis is used to deal with improvements, that it is permissible to adopt the cost of such improvements, subject to the statutory decapitalisation rate (as in 鈥楧orothy Perkins鈥� and 鈥業celand鈥�).

15.12 Guidance on the appropriate amortisation period when making rental adjustments for improvements is given at part 17 of this section.

16.1听The figure to be adopted in the amortisation of costs will differ. In all cases where a method can be clearly identified as the being one generally adopted by practitioners either in the rental market or in the field of rating then this basis can be applied in determining听rateable value.

16.2听Where a market or established rating practice cannot be shown, and in order to reflect the value of the improvement there is a need to have regard to the costs in ascertaining the听rateable value听then regard should be had to the guidance on appropriate amortisation rates as set out in section 18 below.

Whether the rent will or will not reflect the value of the improvement will depend upon the type of improvement made. It is therefore important to consider carefully the precise nature of the particular improvements involved. Where they are of a general nature (and thus likely to be of value to a wide variety of other occupiers and traders) then the rental market is likely to have some regard to the level ascertained on a virtual rent basis.

16.4听What is or is not reflected in the rent passing on a particular property will, of course, be determined by the provisions of the听lease听and where appropriate the operation of statute (principally the Landlord and Tenant Act Part II as amended) and case law. When improvements are understood to be included in a rent it can generally be taken that it reflects their rental value. (Although valuers should be alert to instances where rents reflect earlier circumstances e.g. original landlord鈥檚 improvements.) However, the value of fittings, etc installed for the sole benefit of a particular tenant are unlikely to be reflected, due to the difference between L&T and Rating law. For certain items, such as rateable elements of tenants鈥� fitting out, it will be rare to find that they have been reflected in the rent.

16.5听In most established town shopping areas VOs will possess rental evidence for fitted-out shops. In accordance with the established practice these rents would generally be expected to carry more weight than those requiring significant adjustment.

16.6听Shell rents which have been adjusted to reflect market adjustments for improvements may continue to be used for the purpose of supporting those fitted out rents. In such instances established valuation principles of using a virtual rent approach may be applied.

16.7听The evidence of both shell and fitted-out rents for one area can then be used for comparable purposes, so as to reflect the value of improvements to those shops where only shell rents exist.

16.8听In practice the adoption of the 鈥楧orothy Perkins鈥� stepped approach will usually result in the value of most tenants鈥� improvements being covered by step 1. This will, however be dependent upon the fund of local evidence that a VO will have been able to gather.

16.9听Approach to be adopted

Taking into account what has been outlined above, the following may provide a useful guide:

(i) identify the facts about what fittings are included/excluded in a passing rent;

(ii) give particular weight to those rents which are inclusive of all rateable fitting-out work;

(iii) where a tenant鈥檚 fitting out is excluded, adopt the virtual rent approach to the notional or, if known and relevant, actual cost as at the rent date of all rateable items where the VO has evidence that the market similarly reflects such items in a rent;

(iv) adopt as the tone the evidentially stronger approach of the alternatives.

17.1听In adjusting rents to take account of a tenant鈥檚 capital expenditure on improvements, the period of amortisation should be the shorter of the following periods starting from the date of the improvements to:

(i) For voluntary improvements i.e. those carried out otherwise than as a condition of the granting of the听lease, the shorter of:

a. the end of the useful life of the improvements (ie the time when the improvements cease to be of value); or

b. the next rent review where the value of the improvements are not specified to be disregarded. (However the improvements may then fall to be disregarded at a later date on renewal of the听lease); (Ponsford and Others v HMS (Aerosols) Ltd [1978] HL 247 EG 1171) (s.34 LTA 1954 and s.1 LPA 1969); or

c. the date of the next听lease听renewal which is neither;

(i) the first renewal since the improvements were carried out; or

(ii) within 21 years of the completion of those improvements; or

a. exceptionally where it is known that a particular听lease听will not be renewed, the end of the current听lease.

(ii) For conditional improvements i.e. those carried out as a condition of the granting of the听lease, the shorter of:

a. the end of the useful life of the improvements (ie the time when the improvements cease to be of value); or

b. depending upon the terms of the听lease, either the next rent review where such improvements are not specified to be disregarded (other than stepped rents) or the end of the听lease (see question 12.2 of RALD FOR VO 6003 and,听Edma Jewellers Ltd v Moore (VO) ]1975] LT RA 343).

More than one of these periods may apply when a series of improvements has been made at different dates. In such cases the total expenditure may be amortised over a period of time so averaged as to give a reasonable answer.

17.3 Statutory Rate

Prescribed by The听Non-Domestic Rating听(Miscellaneous Provisions) (No. 2) Regulations 1989 (as amended), for 2023 purposes applies in relation to a听hereditament听the听rateable value听of which is being ascertained by reference to the contractor鈥檚 basis of valuation.

Albeit applying under a slightly different earlier version of the statute, in deciding to adopt the prescribed rate when ascertaining the听rateable value听in听Dorothy Perkins v Casey (VO) [1994] LT RA 391, Judge Marder felt he had no discretion to permit its application to a term of years. As a result, in circumstances that dictate the application of the prescribed rate, and only in those circumstances, valuers should adopt a straight percentage calculation.

For the avoidance of doubt, it is not considered a requirement to adopt the prescribed rate in the treatment of tenant鈥檚 improvements when determining a virtual rent as part of rental adjustment for analysis purposes. Whilst at first this seems at odds with the maxim 鈥榲alue as you devalue鈥�, it is a logical outcome following the statutory requirement. In other words, but for the statutory requirement, the valuation approach would mirror the devaluation approach (value as you devalue); however, the valuation approach is impacted by a statutory intervention that has no impact on a 鈥榬eal world鈥� adjustment, where the minds of the parties to a commercial rental transaction are being considered.

18.1听The amortisation rate should essentially be the market rate expected for such an investment.

18.2听The RSA system has been populated with default amortisation factors as follows:

18.3听These figures represent average national yields and do not override the duty of VOs to examine market evidence in order to identify the appropriate percentages for each class of property. It should also be emphasised that yields are likely to vary not only between classes but also within classes depending on such factors as age, location, quality, type of tenant etc.听It is important, therefore, to note these are default percentages only and VOs will need to decide what are appropriate for individual rental adjustments in their localities.

18.4听Co-ordination. The appropriate percentages to be adopted are likely to vary both between and within classes in any given locality and it is recommended that Reval and Market Analysis Team Leaders (RMATs) co-ordinate the rates the VO proposes to adopt to ensure that there are no inconsistencies in his or her rental adjustments.

19.1听If a former听lease听or agreement was surrendered as a condition of the present one being granted, then the annual equivalent of the value of the听lease听surrendered may need to be added to the rent. The addition should not be made when a rent review has taken place following commencement, and the basis of the review was to open market rental value.

19.2听The听lease听surrendered is of value because the occupier could have continued in occupation at less than the full rental value or could have assigned the听lease听and received the capitalised value of the profit rent in the form of a premium. The occupier would not therefore give up this value without some compensating allowance in the new rent. The new rent may therefore be less than the full open market rental value of the property.

19.3听To find the property鈥檚 full rental value the principle adopted is that, at the date of surrendering the old听lease听and agreeing the new听lease听the value of the tenant鈥檚 present interest under the old听lease听equals the value of the proposed interest under the new听lease.

19.4听To find the full rental value it is first necessary to find the capital value of the profit rent under the old听lease听and the capital value of the profit rent under the new听lease. As these capital values are equal the full rental value can be found by the equation 鈥淧resent Interest = Proposed Interest鈥�. A worked example is set out below: -

Example

The听lease听surrendered had a rent payable of 拢10,000 pa with an unexpired term of 3 years. The new听lease听rent payable is 拢20,000 with a review to open market rental value after 5 years.

Equation:听听 Present Interest = Proposed Interest听F = Full Rental Value

20.1听The term 鈥渙verage鈥� means the enhancement of a rent because the period between the reviews specified in the听lease听is greater than normal.

20.2听A practice grew up whereby some surveyors added 1% to the rent for each year by which the rent review pattern exceeds 5-yearly or sometimes 7-yearly intervals. The profession, however, by no means universally accepted this practice and the percentage adjustment is likely to be greater when there is high rental growth in the wider market.

20.3听VOs should take steps to determine the local 鈥渘orm鈥� for rent review patterns for each class of property. Once the norm is established it can be argued that a balance has been struck in the real world between the interests of landlords and tenants and therefore changes in rent would not normally be expected at less than the norm interval.

20.4听For rating purposes rents derived from the norm review period (and possibly below) could be accepted without adjustment but those for longer periods may require some downward adjustment in line with local office evidence.

20.5听The majority of tenanted properties today are let on leases for a term of years between 3 and 15 years with the rent subject to reviews at periodic intervals. A 5 yearly review pattern is common, but patterns of 3 years occur frequently. The modern rental evidence therefore differs in two ways from that envisaged in the hypothetical world of rating. Firstly, because they offer a term of years certain rather than one from year to year and, secondly, by being subject to a strict periodic review pattern. Ratepayers or their representatives may argue that rents paid under such leases with periodic reviews do not accord with the statutory definition of a rent from year to year and a downward adjustment is therefore required.

20.6听VOs may find support in resisting this argument from various decisions of the Lands Tribunal where, in the absence of any firm evidence to the contrary, they have shown a willingness to accept听lease听rents as being good evidence of value, but a general reluctance to adjust those rents on account of the security they offer. The Tribunal also appears to have been prepared to make adjustments for 鈥渙verage鈥� in circumstances where properties are subject to long review patterns out of line with the norm but have been reluctant, in the absence of direct and compelling evidence to the contrary, to make adjustments where properties are subject to normal review patterns.

The following cases offer further guidance:

BHS v Burton (VO) and Brighton CBC [1958] LT 51 RIT 665

Walls (VO) v National Car Parks Ltd [1978] LT RA 30

Cresta Silks Ltd v Peak (VO) [1958] LT 51 RIT 457

FW Woolworths and Co Ltd v Moore (VO) [1978] LT RA 186

20.7听Although in the hypothetical world of rating we are assuming a tenancy from year to year there is no precedent to suggest that the rent must be reviewed at the end of each year. On the contrary the Lands Tribunal has indicated that the rent may be varied as much on the initiative of the tenant as on that of the landlord.听(LA Black Ltd v Burton (VO) [1958] LT 51 RIT 307)

20.8听It would be unrealistic to have a hypothetical tenancy that continued indefinitely at a rent that could not be varied. In the real world, reasonable landlords and tenants freely negotiate terms whereby long leases are subject to periodic reviews. It would seem reasonable that periodically during the continuance of the hypothetical tenancy the hypothetical landlord and tenant would agree to revise the rent. Unless there is strong evidence to the contrary, there appears to be every reason for assuming that the rent under the hypothetical tenancy will be revised periodically in line with the review patterns determined in the real world.

20.9听There are also arguments as to why rents from year to year should not be adjusted or in fact may be higher than those fixed for a term of years. In the rating world the tenant has the benefit of the reasonable expectation of continuance but also has the ability to give notice at the end of any year. This differs from the real world where the tenant for a term of years is contractually bound to pay the full rental value, possibly on upward only rent reviews, until the end of the听lease. In recent times there has been increasing pressure from tenants to insist the听lease听contains the option for them to break and this move lends added support to the argument.

20.10听During periods of rapid rises in rental values the theoretical argument has most weight. However, the market is cyclical rather than uniform with periods of rapid growth often being followed by stagnation, and sometimes even falls in value. It is during periods of falls in rental value that the tenant from year to year would benefit due to being able to terminate the tenancy or negotiate the rent down. In contrast the leaseholder is tied to the听lease听rent even if values have fallen.

20.11听Furthermore, annual tenancies are not normally attractive to landlords because of the high cost of annual rent reviews, the uncertainty of income and the potential loss of value on the capital investment. Because some increase in rental value might be perceptible on this account, the argument may also be used against ratepayers鈥� representatives who are seeking reductions on rents fixed for a term (usually 5 years) for reasons of 鈥榦verage鈥�.

21.1听If the rent includes domestic accommodation an apportionment will be required to enable the value of the non-domestic element to be determined. The value of the residential part to be deducted will depend on the local market conditions.

22.1听In most leases or agreements where the rent is inclusive of non-domestic rates (NDR), the landlord or head lessor is contracted to pay the rates, and the rent is expected to be increased to take this into consideration. The rent needs to be adjusted to reflect this. It would be unusual for such a rent agreed (say) over five years to fluctuate as the rate liability changes yearly going forward. however, whilst normal annual increases in the level of rates payable are anticipated, it is likely the rates payable at the date the agreement is in the minds of the parties. In a reasonably stable market, when comparing rents that do and do not include rates, all things being equal, the difference would be the rate liability, there being no reason for either party to expect that the current rateable value would reduce just because the landlord (or head lessor) has chosen to pay the rates instead of the tenant. Therefore, the amount to be deducted is the appropriate amount payable for the rate year in which the return form was completed. Where it is known that the rent has not been altered to reflect changes in NDR since the relevant date, the amount to be deducted is the amount payable for the year in which the relevant date falls. If at the relevant date there was an expectation that the level of NDR would rise and therefore account for an increasing portion of the inclusive rent paid, then it might be appropriate to make a larger deduction than the actual relevant date NDR level. Conversely, if a reduced rate liability was not envisaged at the time the rental agreement was made, it may be necessary to consider adjusting the estimate of rental value upwards.

Adjustment of inclusive rents

22.3听Where the occupier鈥檚 Uniform Business Rate demand was not subject to transitional phasing arrangements, the amount of rates payable can be calculated by multiplying the听RV by the national NDR poundage payable for the year in which the FOR was completed, or the year following the relevant date depending upon whether the rent can be varied with variations in the NDR liability.

22.4 Rates only agreements, where the tenant only pays rates

22.5 In certain extreme circumstances, there may be very little or no rent payable, and the letting is on the basis that the tenant pays the Uniform Business Rate and other outgoings only. This is unusual in normal circumstances, and is almost always a result of external factors, such as recessions, national or local economic crisis, externally imposed restrictions, a development approaching the end of its life, etc鈥� Such arrangements are often very short-term or with ongoing break options for both parties. This puts them at odds with the rating hypothesis, there being little or no reasonable prospect of continuance. The evidential weight to be placed on such arrangements is low. However, where such arrangements are also prevalent in comparable properties, they may have to be afforded more weight in considering the levels of value. Where this is considered the case, it should be acknowledged that the occupier is paying something for occupation, albeit the Uniform Business Rate; to that degree 鈥榚quation theory鈥� could be employed, which would suggest that for such a temporary situation, the tenant would be prepared to pay the equivalent of the current rates payment as rent and rates on a two-thirds, one-third split (assuming a UBR of around 50p). For example, at the date the arrangement was put in place, an occupier paying rates only of 拢90,000 (on an RV of 拢180,000 at 50p) would presumably be equally content to pay 拢60,000 rent and 拢30,000 Uniform Business Rate. In other words, even if some weight were afforded to such an arrangement, the rental value is unlikely to be 拢0, particularly if the rate burden can be reduced during the life of the rating list or is being reconsidered at revaluation.

22.6 This demonstrates the potential impact of externally imposed costs or benefits on rental bids and agreements. It is important to have an idea of the likely additional costs faced by occupiers (and landlords) when adjusting rents, not only rates payable based on historically high or low RVs, but also other taxes and costs. This goes some way to gaining an understanding of what is in the minds of the parties to a transaction.

The table below shows the rate poundage adopted from 1990 to date:

England only

From 1 April 1997 to 31 March 2000 inclusive a 鈥渟mall听hereditament鈥� factor applied, reducing the听multiplier听by 0.9p. A small hereditament听was one in Greater London with a听RV of less than 拢15,000, or elsewhere with an听RV听of less than 拢10,000.

From 1 April 2005 to 31 March 2010 inclusive a small business听multiplier听reduced the听multiplier听for small hereditaments. They were those in Greater London with a听RV听of less than 拢21,500 and elsewhere with a听RV听of less than 拢15,000.

From 1 April 2010 to 31 March 2017 inclusive a small business听multiplier听reduced the听multiplier听for small hereditaments. They were those in Greater London with a听RV听of less than 拢25,500 and elsewhere with a听RV听of less than 拢18,000.

From 1 April 2017 onwards a small business听multiplier听reduced the听multiplier听for small hereditaments. They are those in England with a听RV听of less than 拢51,000.

Furthermore, qualifying hereditaments may be eligible for small business rate relief (SBRR). Small business rate relief is available if the听RV听is less than 拢15,000 and the business only uses one property (although SBRR relief may still be available for business with a small number of small hereditaments under specific circumstances).

If eligible, no NDR is payable on a听hereditament听with a听rateable value听of 拢12,000 or less. For hereditaments with a听RV听of 拢12,001 to 拢15,000, the rate of relief will go down gradually from 100% to 0%.

The City of London is able to set a different听multiplier听from the rest of England:

Additionally, from 1 April 2017 to the time of writing, the Greater London Authority is levying a business rate supplement of 拢0.02 on all properties with a听RV听of more than 拢70,000, in relation to its contribution to the Crossrail (Elizabeth line) project.

Wales only

There is no small business听multiplier听in Wales. However, a new permanent SBRR scheme came into force on 1 April 2018. The Welsh Government provides NDR relief to eligible small businesses of 100% with a听RV听of up to 拢6,000, and those with a听RV听between 拢6,001 and 拢12,000 will receive relief on a tapered basis from 100% to 0%.

22.7听However, where the occupier鈥檚 Uniform Business Rate demand was subject to transitional phasing arrangements the calculation of the rates payable is complex. Therefore, on receipt of a FOR which states that the rent is inclusive of NDR and the subject of transitional phasing arrangements, VOs should either send out supplementary questionnaires asking for details of the actual rates payable for the year in which the FOR was completed, or request the information from the relevant听billing authority.

22.8听Question 10.2 of RALD FOR VO 6003 asks whether the rent paid includes an element for NDR and if so, the amount included. Where the rent is inclusive but no rates figure is quoted or where it is necessary to check any quoted figure, further enquiries of the听ratepayer听or听billing authority听should be made.

22.9听Transitional Relief

22.10听The combination of the 1990听revaluation听being the first since 1973 and the introduction of a Uniform Business Rate would, if unadjusted, have resulted in large changes to some occupiers鈥� rate liabilities. To limit this impact provisions were made to phase in the changes.

22.11 Transitional phasing provisions continued for 1995 and 2000 rating lists for England and Wales. Importantly these schemes did not start afresh at each听revaluation听but started from the final rates demand figure at the end of the previous list rather than simply being phasing between the old and new RVs. This meant it was possible to have phasing on phasing and a rates liability determined not by the actual听RV听but the cumulative phasing from the 1972/73-rate year liability.

22.12听Transitional arrangements for Wales ended on 1 April 2003. Transitional arrangements for England continued to apply to the 2005 rating lists and the relevant statutory provisions were contained in听The Non-Domestic Rating (Chargeable Amounts) Regulations 2004 SI No 3387.

22.13听The 2005 Transition scheme for England provided for it to work itself out by the end of the 2008/9 rate year so that for the 2009/10 rate year nobody would be in transition. This had the great advantage of sweeping away the complexity of 鈥榯ransition upon transition鈥� where liabilities for a small number of hereditaments were determined not by current RVs but by the effect of the transitional schemes year on year; allegedly even for some effectively meaning liability was based on 1973 lists rateable values adjusted through the 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 lists for transition. This simplicity did however result in a limited number of occupiers having very dramatic increases to their rate demands in 2009/10 and it was decided for 2010 to revert to a scheme which ran through to the end of the 2014/15 rate year. Following the extension of the 2010 lists to 31 March 2017,听transitional relief听had once again worked itself out by the start of the 2017 rating lists.

The 2017 transitional relief听scheme for is currently set up to run to the end of the 2021/22 rate year. This means there is no transitional relief in the final year for 2017 rating lists, which is 2022/23. Unless there is a regulatory change to extend the 2017 transitional relief scheme by a year, it appears that 鈥榯ransition on transition鈥�, will not apply in 2023 rating lists (assuming听transitional relief听continues from 2023).

22.14听Qualification for听Transitional Relief听in the 2017 scheme

For the 2017听transitional relief听scheme to apply, the听RV听for a听hereditament听has to be shown in a听rating list听for 31 March 2017 and 1 April 2017. In limited circumstances where this does not occur, the VO will certify a听RV: examples include hereditaments formerly exempt as Crown occupations.

22.15听The transition rules are very similar to previous schemes and broadly speaking rely upon the rates paid for 31 March 2017 and the full bill for 1 April 2017. In most cases this will provide a 鈥渓ike for like鈥� comparison in bills which will identify the change arising from the听revaluation. However, this is not always the case because:

• the value for 31 March 2017 or 1 April 2017 could be wrong and the VO may be prevented from correcting either of those values (because the list has closed or the听effective date听is limited),
• the property could change on 1 April 2017 itself, or
• the property may split or merge prior to 1 April 2017 but only the 2017 list can be corrected (from 1 April 2018, From 1 April 2018, VOs cannot correct entries the 2010 rating lists by VO notice).

22.16 Therefore the transition regulations provide for the VO to certify the value in these circumstances. For 2017 the rules for VOs are whenever, in the above circumstances, a VO believes the list is wrong but is prevented from making a correction for 31 March or 1 April 2017 (either because the list has closed or the听effective date听is limited), then the appropriate value is to be certified. This is the case irrespective of whether the value is to be increased or reduced or whether the VO is actually amending the list, and neither the听ratepayer听nor the VO may choose whether to issue a certificate.

22.17听Occasions requiring certification under the听NDR (Chargeable Amounts) (England) Regulations 2016 SI 1265听are shown in the table below:

22.18听Practical effect of transitional phasing

22.19听Different transitional arrangements will apply, depending on whether the rates bill increased or decreased, the level of听RV听and whether it is in Greater London. Transitional arrangements are based on the change in the rates bill from 2016/17 to the rates bill in 2017/18. They are not dependent on the change in the听RV听itself.

22.20听Table 1 show the proposed limits by which a rates bill can increase in a single year before transitional arrangements apply.

Table 1

22.21 Slightly different arrangements apply for the proposed limits by which a rates bill can decrease in a single year, shown in table 2.

Table 2

22.22听The effect on rental values

The differing effect of transitional phasing on properties during the life of the 2017 lists may, in some instances, distort rental levels up to 1 April 2021. It is therefore important for VOs to carefully examine the background to the rent in order to judge the effect, if any, that transitional phasing has had on rental levels.

Buildings newly completed (or deemed completed) after 1 April 2017 will not be eligible for听transitional relief. However, the outline given above of the 2017听transitional relief听scheme illustrates how rate liabilities on new lettings can potentially vary depending on when a building was completed or deemed completed under the Completion Notice procedure running up to 1 April 2017. The potential variation in rate liability may, in certain cases, have influenced the rental agreed on a new letting.

Transitional phasing will not apply to properties not shown in 2010 list or previously in the list at听RV听拢0.

The transitional phasing arrangements do not just affect certain new lettings but may also have influenced rental levels on rent review.

Whether a particular occupier鈥檚 rent on review reflects phasing will largely depend upon the actual wording in the听lease. It is likely that the rent determined on review will assume that the occupier will face the full rate liability even though the actual occupier is benefitting from听transitional relief. The reason for this is that it is common practice for a rent review clause to contain provisions that; (1) the rent is to be determined on the assumption that the property is vacant and to let and (2) that any effect on rent of the fact that the lessee has been in occupation is to be disregarded. The effect of each clause is different so each needs to be considered in turn.

If there is a vacant possession assumption, then it must be assumed that the tenant is not in occupation at the moment of the rent review. If there is no vacant possession clause then case law suggests that there is a presumption that a vacant possession valuation is nevertheless contemplated (case note 1).

The situation is similar on renewal. Under Section 34 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 Part 2 premises are assumed to be vacant and to let on the听valuation date. In a听lease renewal case heard at Westminster County Court between N Peal & Company and Prudential Insurance the Court chose to assess the rent for a new听lease听on the assumption that phasing was not available, even though the tenant did qualify because it had been in occupation of the property before 1 April 1990 (the听valuation date听was post-1 April 1990).

The disregard clause is indiscriminate although its main purpose is to exclude the tenant overbidding to save the business being disrupted by a move. Because the clause is indiscriminate it would follow that the overbid of a tenant who enjoys the benefit of transitional phasing should also be excluded. If the rent review provisions do not contain a clause disregarding the lessee鈥檚 occupation such a disregard cannot be implied (case note 2).

It can be seen from the foregoing that as at the听AVD听some properties will have been in phasing, which can be enjoyed by a new incoming tenant, whereas others will not. Because the law has to be taken at that which existed at the听AVD听the result could, if rents have been influenced by phasing arrangements, be that identical properties have different rateable values. To avoid this potential absurdity there is a need to make assumptions which give a consistent听rateable value. One option would be to interpret the rating hypothesis as assuming a rent ignoring any benefits that may result from the transitional phasing arrangements. The definition of听rateable value听is set out in Schedule 6 para 2(1) and assumes that 鈥溾€he tenant undertook to pay all usual tenants rates and taxes鈥︹€�. The transitional phasing arrangements merely provide temporary relief to some occupiers. It is therefore arguable that the transitional phasing arrangement is a short-term relief from the 鈥榰sual鈥� full rate liability.

However, since such an approach would tend to favour those ratepayers having the benefit of upward transition and be to the disadvantage of those suffering downward transition, a preferable solution would be to assume that the tenant will have a liability similar to that faced by most occupiers of such properties in that locality.

At the听AVD听one of the reasonable expectations of a potential tenant is that the forthcoming听revaluation听may well influence the liability to rates from the compilation date (two years later). Unless a tenant is confident of obtaining or retaining a benefit from transition, that person will be wary of bidding additional rent on that basis. This will tend to moderate differences in rents paid as a result of transition.

The rents paid by most tenants benefiting or suffering transition will reflect their expectations at the date of agreement. Only those where the absence or presence of transition has caused exceptional variation in the rent paid will require detailed attention.

The following cases offer further guidance

Hill Samuel Life Assurance Ltd v Preston Borough Council (1989) 295 EG 111

Ponsford v HMS Aerosols Ltd (1978) 247 EG 1171

23.1听The definition of听RV听places the liability to insure the听hereditament听on the tenant. In the same way that commercial landlords seek to protect the value of their reversion by retaining the repairing liability and recouping the expense through a service charge so they will frequently undertake to insure their property and recover the premium directly from the tenant(s). In such circumstances, the rent passing will reflect the tenant鈥檚 liability and thus no adjustment is necessary.

23.2听In the rare event that the landlord insures without directly recovering the premium, a specific deduction will need to be made in order to adjust the rent to terms of听RV. Insurance premiums are a substantial item and are unlikely to bear a consistent relationship with the rental value of the property. Because the premiums vary widely according to the use, construction, age and location of the hereditaments, it is clearly not possible to give specific advice which will cover all cases that could occur, and research indicates that it would be misleading to attempt to generalise as to premium levels.

If the need arises to make an adjustment to rents under this heading VOs should consider any direct evidence of insurance premiums. In the absence of actual insurance premium rates 3.5% should normally be deducted and this figure has been set as the default factor in the VOA鈥檚 RSA system, for the 2023听revaluation.

24.1听Section 23 of the听General Rate Act听1967, which prohibited the deduction of any amount in respect of profit on landlord鈥檚 services or the cost of repair, maintenance and insurance of premises not forming part of the听hereditament听was repealed and is not re-enacted in the LGFA 1988.

24.2听Where a rent is inclusive of a service charge for services provided by the landlord, the rent will require adjusting to reflect the cost of the services provided (Question 10.2 of FOR VO6003). In cases where the landlord recovers the cost of the services by way of a separate service charge it will not normally be necessary to adjust the rent.

24.3听However the level of the charge should be closely examined. In some cases the effect of an abnormally high or low charge may make the rent questionable as evidence of听RV. For example, it may be necessary to treat any exceptional profit made by the landlord on the service charge as in the nature of rent and add it to the rent in determining true open market value.

24.4听Equally, if the service charge covers items that are not the responsibility of the hypothetical tenant, the rent will need to be adjusted accordingly.

25.1听If the rent includes an amount for the use of any trade fixtures, fittings,听plant and machinery, furniture or other equipment then it will be necessary to make a deduction for any non-rateable items. The annual payment in respect of fixtures, fittings, etc., should be given in answer to Part 13 of RALD FOR VO 6003 and this figure should, unless unrealistic, be deducted from the passing rent.

25.2听Where there is a mixture of rateable and non-rateable items the amount to be deducted should be based on a reasonable apportionment of the total estimated value of the items.

25.3听It will be a matter of local judgement to determine the level at which input is provided if no figure has been provided or if the figure provided requires apportioning between rateable and non-rateable items.

26.1听Because valuations are to be made to听RV听(which essentially assumes听FRI听terms), it is necessary to keep firmly in view the extent of the tenant鈥檚 obligations under the rating hypothesis. The hypothetical tenant has the liability to maintain the听hereditament听in such condition as it should be had it been managed by a reasonably minded owner. That owner would have full regard to the age of the building(s), its character, the locality and the class of tenant likely to occupy it, so that only an average amount of annual repair would be necessary in the future. The hypothetical tenant鈥檚 repairing obligation extends to the entire fabric of the听hereditament, although this often may not comprise one entire building. A full explanation of the tenant鈥檚 liability to repair as envisaged under the definition of听Rateable Value听as amended by the Rating (Valuation) Act 1999 is contained in the Rating Manual: Section 3: Valuation Principles: Part 6: Disrepair practice note 1- Rating (Valuation) Act 1999, which should be read together with this Practice Note.

26.2听To establish the state of reasonable repair for the unit of assessment the Lands Tribunal has turned to Landlord and Tenant case law for guidance.

26.3听The obligation under the rating hypothesis can be compared to several common variations found in modern commercial leases as set out at (a) to (c) below. Question 10.1 of RALD FOR VO 6003 asks which party is ultimately responsible for bearing the cost of outside and inside repairs.

a. Landlord does repairs but recoups cost

The landlord retains the obligation to keep the main structure and exterior in repair. At the same time, the landlord will frequently reserve the right to recoup the cost from the tenant(s). This is a common arrangement where the building is let in parts or where the landlord鈥檚 investment comprises, say, a shopping centre. From the tenant鈥檚 point of view, this may not necessarily be the cheapest option, even if the landlord is using direct labour or his own subsidiary building company. No adjustment is required to the rent since the tenant bears the financial consequences of the landlord鈥檚 repairing liability and this will be reflected in the rent passing.

b. Landlord does some or all repairs, but does not charge

The landlord bears some or all liability for repair without directly seeking to recoup the cost. In such cases, which are now comparatively rare, the rent might be higher than if the tenant were to bear in full the direct cost of maintaining the听hereditament听in a state of reasonable repair.

Traditionally, surveyors have adjusted rents by 5% where the landlord has been responsible for external repairs and a further 5% if the landlord鈥檚 liability also covers internal repairs.

The VOA鈥檚 RSA system has been programmed to automatically adjust rents by 5% where the landlord is liable for external repairs and by 5% if the landlord is responsible for internal repairs. These are default figures and they should only be used if they are consistent with market evidence or practice.

The percentage adjustment may well vary according to the type, age, or construction of the building and VOs need to adequately reflect instances where abnormally high repair costs are likely to be incurred (e.g. listed buildings subject to reflecting the availability of any assistance in the form of grants).

Therefore, VOs need to examine all local evidence in order to determine the correct adjustment for external and internal repairs borne by the landlord. In the absence of direct local evidence VOs should consider any evidence from within the Group and co-ordination should be undertaken to ensure that VOs proposed adjustment factors are consistent.

c. Premises in poor state of repair

When premises are in a poor state of repair, the landlord in the real world may choose either:

(i) to put the premises in repair before offering them to let. This operation can be ignored for the purposes of rental adjustment, as the rent subsequently charged will reflect the repairs carried out by the landlord.

(ii) to let the premises in their existing state on听FRI听terms. In this case the initial rent will not only be abated to reflect the existing condition, but also the tenant鈥檚 enforceable liability to put the property into a state of tenantable repair. Unless the parties contract otherwise, for example by letting with restricted repairing liabilities subject to an agreed schedule of condition, the physical condition at review will be on the basis that the tenant has honoured the covenant to repair, whether that is in fact the case.

As an alternative to reducing the initial rent, the听lease听or agreement more commonly may provide for a rent-free period while the tenant carries out the repairs, and recoups the cost of doing so. The treatment of rent-free periods is dealt with in this guidance at section 5: Landlords鈥� incentives.

(iii) to let the premises in their existing state on听FRI听terms but in addition the tenant, as a condition of the听lease, undertaking to repair the premises. Normally, by the material day, the improvement will have been completed. (See also section 14 on Improvements).

Because in cases (ii) and (iii) above the tenant already bears the immediate repair burden the rent passing is likely to be fully discounted until the first review. In such cases the initial rent will reflect the poor state of repair of the property and will therefore be unreliable as evidence of the value of the property in tenantable repair; adjustments will therefore be needed. However, if the rent has been reviewed it is probable that rent will be on the basis that the property is in a reasonable state of repair commensurate with its age, character, locality and the class of tenant likely to occupy it.

27.1 Introduction and background

A turnover rent is one where the rent payable is determined by the actual turnover achieved by the tenant. Turnover leases are most often used in relation to retail operations, including catering leases and franchises, food courts, factory outlet villages and concessions within department stores. They are by no means a new phenomenon, but their use is becoming more common. In relation to retail property turnover leases were first introduced into the UK many years ago in situations where the retailer had a captive market, such as railway stations and airports. In these unique situations there would be little if any comparable evidence upon which a landlord and tenant could agree a rent and given the monopolistic position enjoyed by the tenant the landlord would wish to receive a fair share of the profits arising therefrom.

27.2听Since the 1970s turnover rents have been introduced into shopping centres. The recession experienced in retailing in many parts of the UK in the late 1980鈥檚 and early 1990s provided a spur to many landlords to accept reduced base (minimum) rents but with turnover provisions, in order to secure lettings on units which would otherwise have remained vacant. Subsequently, with a growing appreciation of the operation and benefits flowing from the adoption of turnover based leases, their use has increased.

27.3听More recently the growth in factory outlet retailing has seen an increase in the use of turnover based leases by landlords, who adopt it almost exclusively within this sector of the market. In the UK there are two principal types of turnover rent-based leases. Firstly, those where the rent is wholly based upon turnover, as commonly employed in respect of food courts, and secondly, those where the rent is based on turnover but there is a base or minimum rent. The base rent is generally determined as a percentage of open market rental value or a price per square metre. In these cases, in contrast to pure turnover rents, the landlord is guaranteed a certain minimum level of rental income.

27.4听In the following paragraphs consideration is given to the rationale behind turnover leases, the discreet advantages and disadvantages from the landlords and tenants viewpoints, when compared with the traditional institutional style听lease, the typical听lease terms employed and those factors which a valuer should have particular regard to when considering turnover rents in rating valuation.

28.1听An investor鈥檚 aim in most cases is to secure the maximum return on their investment. In the context of a managed shopping centre environment, where the whole is in a single ownership, it has been recognised by some that the maximisation of that return is more likely if the centre is managed more as a business than a pure property investment. With this has come the recognition that it is in the landlord鈥檚 interest for individual retailers to maximise their turnover and profits, whilst not at the expense of their neighbours (also tenants of the landlord). This necessitates the landlord taking a tight control over the tenant mix, management and promotion of the centre as a whole and greater co-operation between landlord and tenant that would ordinarily be expected.

28.2听Rents under turnover leases are more directly related to the ability to pay of individual traders: turnovers and profit margins vary and hence the level of rent a tenant can pay. If rents were set in the normal way, at a reasonably uniform level, those tenants who may enhance the mix within the centre and therefore its success as a whole might be denied the opportunity to trade because of their inability to pay the 鈥榞oing-rate鈥�. Adoption of turnover leases gives the landlord more flexibility, and a greater chance of obtaining the optimum tenant mix - a range of complementary traders - to maximise centre turnover and therefore rental income.

28.3听Management of retail centres is much easier and more effective if it is informed with the knowledge of how individual retailers are performing. Turnover leases allow landlords direct access to trading information which, with point of sale technology, enables centre managers to know rapidly if a part of the centre or an individual trader is performing either poorly or exceptionally well. Landlords can then respond positively without having to wait until the retailer鈥檚 problems are such that the retailer ceases trading, and a void is created which might take time to fill.

28.4 Advantages and disadvantages of turnover rents

28.5听Advantages from a landlord鈥檚 point of view include:

a. With turnover rents there is the prospect of achieving rental growth annually rather than having to wait for periodic rent reviews, in times of general inflation a turnover based听lease is seen as a better hedge against inflation.

b. In new schemes pre-lets can generally be achieved more easily and the landlord is less likely to lose out on unanticipated rental growth between the date of agreement of the pre-let and the opening of the scheme, to the extent that the rental growth is reflected in increased turnover figures.

c. Knowledge of tenants鈥� turnover performance will enable the landlord to spot weak tenants or tenants who should be moved to smaller or even larger accommodation at an early stage - control of user, assignment and the facility to determine leases early where performance targets are not being met will mean the landlord is better placed and able to vary tenant mix to achieve the optimum.

d. Turnover information will also assist the landlord in identifying whether any location within the centre is weak and hence be able to take action by physically improving access/visibility to that part and/or through its marketing role more actively promote that part of the centre. Knowledge of turnover will also assist in gauging the success and effectiveness of initiatives such as promotional schemes or changes in opening hours. In each case turnover information assists greatly in the management of a development.

e. Refurbishment of developments is much more likely to take place when needed, as the landlord will see an immediate return on the capital invested (assuming improved trading levels) rather than having to wait until rent reviews.

f. Rent reviews where the base rent is geared to open market rental value are likely to be less contentious, although this will to a large extent depend upon the level of the gearing and the tenant鈥檚 perception as to when the turnover rent might bite.

28.6听Disadvantages from a landlord鈥檚 point of view include:

a. By its very nature, the turnover听lease听requires the landlord to carry some risk. In times of poor trading the landlord may only receive the base/minimum rent or if turnover does not live up to expectation less than open market rental value.

b. The increased level of management and marketing of a centre leads to additional costs, although these may be passed on to tenants via a separate service charge or marketing charge, that in turn will have an impact on the tenant鈥檚 profitability. However, if such management is effective, it should lead to an increase in the rent roll.

c. Contracting out of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 is commonplace, although it can be time consuming; however, the process is relatively straightforward, as both parties readily consent.

d. Funding of schemes to be let on a turnover basis is more difficult to achieve than for a centre let wholly on traditional institutional leases, as only the base rent provides guaranteed income. Valuation techniques, because of the relatively risky turnover rental element of any letting, especially in a new un-proven centre, can also lead to lower valuation of a centre with turnover rents when compared to a traditionally let comparable scheme.

e. The rental income will fluctuate year to year, and this could prove disadvantageous to some landlords. Such fluctuations will be fewer the higher the proportion of base rent is open market rental value, which means this aspect can to some extent be influenced from the outset. However, there is a partnership ethos that is required for turnover rent arrangements to be successful; setting base rents at a high proportion of open market rental value as a means of reducing the risk to the landlord may impact the successfulness of such partnerships.

f. Where turnover percentages are fixed, there is the potential for rental income to be affected by tenants pursuing trading policies or by following market demand which leads to lower turnover levels but at increased margins, thus retaining the tenant鈥檚 overall profitability.

g. The steadily increasing numbers of internet transactions means ever larger elements of a retailer鈥檚 actual turnover is not related to any individual shop. The more a retailer鈥檚 business moves online, the more the turnover from an individual 鈥榖ricks and mortar鈥� premises reduces; this impacts the landlord鈥檚 share of turnover. Some retailers have invested heavily in their internet offer and others less so. Additionally, depending on the types of goods sold, certain retailers may even encourage customers to use their web site to complete purchases whilst visiting a retail outlet or shop. Such 鈥榠n store鈥� internet transactions result in elements of turnover generated from that location not forming part of its turnover figures. This phenomenon is currently more prevalent where bulky goods and 鈥榣arge ticket鈥� items are involved, and where retailers have limited stock in store; it includes retailers of electronic goods, certain fashion stores and domestic goods/appliances.

28.7听The advantages from a tenant鈥檚 point of view include:

a. The risk a tenant takes in deciding to trade in what are often untried or tested locations and/or concepts is reduced. The link between rent and turnover means that the tenant will generally pay a rent that that is related to the fortunes of the business at the premises. When trading successfully a higher rent will be paid, and conversely in times when trade is down the rent payable will show a discount on full open market rental value, i.e. the difference between the full open market rental value and any base rent.

b. cases where the base rent is fixed as a percentage of open market rental value will generally be subject to periodic review. In times when rents are rising then so too, in all probability, will retailers鈥� turnover therefore over the normal rent review period the rent will track the turnover level and any increase at rent review will generally not be as high as would ordinarily be the case.

c. rents therefore acts as a cushion during recessionary times and also against potentially swingeing increases at rent review, rent levels should move more smoothly following levels of turnover and the tenants ability to pay, in contrast to traditional leases where periodic rent reviews often lead to substantial increases following market movements, not directly linked to what the actual occupier is able or willing to pay.

d. A tenant鈥檚 trading position within a centre will to an extent be protected, as it will not be in a landlord鈥檚 interest to increase the number of units let to similar traders thus increasing competition and potentially reducing turnover and rent - the landlord will seek to achieve the optimum number of suppliers of similar goods or services.

e. The fact that the landlord鈥檚 income will to a large extent be determined by the success of the centre is a very clear and positive incentive for the landlord to ensure that the centre is in good condition and is managed and marketed/promoted effectively.

28.8听Disadvantages from the tenant鈥檚 point of view include:

a. Tenants must disclose turnover. Retail markets are highly competitive, and retailers are generally very reluctant to provide this kind of information for fear of it falling into competitors鈥� hands or in to the hands of someone who might be considering a take-over. These concerns can be eased by the inclusion of confidentiality clauses within the听lease (which are the norm) and the build-up of trust between retailers and landlord鈥檚 experienced in operating centres where turnover rents are employed.

b. Tenants are also wary that landlords might use turnover information gained in respect of one development in听lease/rent negotiations in respect of shops in other centres.

c. The turnover percentage set at the commencement of the听lease听is generally fixed for the duration of the听lease. The tenant is concerned with profitability, which means a tenant who over-estimates the profitability of the business can find itself paying a higher amount as a proportion of its turnover than it can really afford. Where profitability and turnover move together over the term of the听lease听then relating rent to turnover will not be disadvantageous to the tenant, assuming the turnover rent percentage is set at the outset at an affordable level. However, if profitability is reduced relative to turnover, then a tenant鈥檚 鈥榖ottom line鈥� will be reduced (the converse would be advantageous to the tenant but not the landlord). This could result where a tenant changes product mix in response to consumer demand or pricing in response to increased competition. Further, in times of general inflation whilst turnover may increase there is not necessarily a commensurate increase in margins/profitability.

d. Risk can be reduced if leases are short, as the tenant can make reasonable forecasts of margins in the short term. Alternatively, the turnover percentage could be reviewable, although this rarely appears to be adopted in practice.

e. Retailers potentially have less disposable property rights; tenants generally hold inalienable rights or if they do hold a听lease听which is transferable, there is no clearly visible profit rent. It is however not unknown for premiums to be paid on assignment of leases for units in successful centres, reflecting the wish to gain a foothold in the centre.

f. Where a tenant undertakes improvements to the demise and is paying an open market rent on a traditional听lease听then the rent, in most cases, would not be increased to reflect the improved demise. However, a turnover rent will be increased following improvements to the extent that turnover has increased consequent upon the improvements. It must however be borne in mind that the nature of properties where turnover rents are commonly employed; standard shop units and factory shopping outlets, mean that there is limited scope for improvement to the demise, beyond normal fitting out.

28.9听Turnover leases: typical terms

Inevitably turnover leases will vary, but there are several features common to most, which are considered below. In all cases where a property is held on a turnover听lease, it is essential that a full copy of the听lease听is obtained in order to fully understand the respective parties鈥� positions.

28.10听Lease听term

In order that the landlord has the flexibility to be able to optimise tenant mix and manage in a way that ensures a centre is trading as a whole to its maximum, the听lease听term will not usually be in excess of 10 to15 years and is often less (and has to be if it is outside the L&T Act). The term can however be longer where the听lease听is structured in a way which allows the landlord to dispossess under-performing tenants (see performance covenants), or where the base rent is highly geared to open market rental value, or reviews of the turnover percentage are allowed and the landlord has complete control over alienation. Whilst pressure in the market since the 1990s is for听lease听terms to shorten, the听lease听term being a more critical factor to landlords under a turnover听lease, this pressure must be tempered by the fact that tenants must be allowed a sufficient time over which to amortise fitting out costs. If not, landlords would be expected to undertake or fund this work. For example, in factory shopping outlets where fitting out is often limited when compared with traditional high street shop units, leases of 3-5 years are not uncommon.

28.11听Rent

The rent payable under a turnover听lease听will typically, but not always, be the greater of the base or minimum rent and the turnover rent.

28.12听Base or minimum rent

A guaranteed base rent element will either be based on a percentage of open market rental value, say 80%, or a price per square metre, and usually consistent across a development. This element of rent will often be paid quarterly in advance, as in the case of traditional leases.

28.13听Turnover rent

The turnover rent is based on a pre-agreed percentage applied to annual turnover. The turnover adopted is generally the gross trading turnover, although deductions may be made for elements such as VAT, goods returned, goods not paid for and discounts on staff sales. The turnover figure adopted is a vital element in the calculation in any turnover rent and will be defined in detail in the听lease.

More sales are being made on the Internet year on year. These are made by organisations with little of no high street presence, as well as more 鈥榗onventional鈥� retailers who operate both via the Internet and 鈥榖ricks and mortar鈥� premises. For a business with more than one retail outlet, the steady migration of its high-street shop sales to the internet makes it difficult to ascertain the actual turnover to be attributed to any one shop.

28.14听The turnover rent will be payable in arrears, usually monthly; however, in some instances it is payable as a single lump sum. Tenants are obliged to provide turnover statements periodically in line with the timing of turnover rent payments and at the year-end a balancing statement will be prepared to calculate any over or under payment. Provisions will usually be included in the听lease听whereby accounting disputes will be referred to arbitration.

The turnover percentage will be set at the commencement of the听lease听by agreement of the parties. Turnover percentages vary substantially according to the relative profitability of the trader, high volume but low margin retailers such as supermarkets will therefore have a turnover rent based on a much lower percentage than, say, a jeweller where although turnover itself may not be as high the profit margin will be much higher.

The table below gives an indication of the range of percentages which might be encountered in a traditional shopping centre. It must be appreciated that the turnover percentage adopted in respect of the same trade for a shopping centre will not necessarily be the same as for that trader in say a factory shopping outlet, margins and operating costs may differ substantially.

Indicative turnover percentages

Trade

28.17听Rent review provisions

In general, leases will not include provisions for review of the turnover percentage. An exception might be when assignment of a听lease听is permissible, subject to the landlord鈥檚 consent and there is a change in trade. In such cases it is usual for there to be a period when full open market rental value is paid, during which time turnover can be monitored, and after which a turnover percentage will be agreed between the parties, or determined by arbitration in the absence of agreement.

The base rent will however usually be reviewable. In those cases where it is set at a fixed percentage of open market rental value reviews will usually follow the pattern for the class of property in the locality. Where the base rent is set at a level not related to the rack rental level it is not uncommon for there to be provisions that the base rent be reviewed annually, on an upwards only basis, to a percentage of the previous year鈥檚 rent paid. In these circumstances there is the potential for the base rent to be 鈥榬atcheted up鈥� each year, depending upon the gearing of the base rent review provisions in relation to turnover and the turnover performance.

28.18听Alienation

With turnover leases it is essential for the landlord to strictly control assignment and under-letting of the demise in whole or in part, as the appropriate turnover percentage is, as outlined above, trade/tenant specific. It is not difficult to see the consequences on the rent a landlord receives for a unit in the event of a turnover听lease听granted to a butcher or baker being freely assignable to, say, a jeweller.

The landlord also needs to be in control of tenant mix to ensure the most successful blend of tenants in order to maximise the turnover of the whole development, and leases will be drafted accordingly. For these reasons it is usual for there to be an absolute听bar听on dealing in whole or part of the demise. Where assignment is permitted leases will invariably require landlord鈥檚 consent, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, but the landlord will retain the right to refuse consent should it be believed that the assignment will either reduce rent receivable or adversely affect tenant mix. In addition a buy back clause may be included, whereby a tenant wishing to assign his interest must give the landlord first refusal to buy back the听lease, matching any offer made following a period of marketing.

28.19听User

Strict control of user is an essential characteristic of a turnover听lease; not only to safeguard the level of rent received in respect of any individual unit but also to control tenant mix. User clauses will often therefore be absolute (allowing no other use than that permitted) and may stipulate the brand of goods to be sold together with limits on the extent that the retail floor area may be used for the sale of specific types of goods.

Where however the base rent is geared to open market rental value and is reviewable, user clauses must be drafted so as not to limit rent on review. In such cases the user clause will often be drafted to allow all uses within Class A1, subject to the landlord鈥檚 consent, with the proviso that the landlord can refuse consent should any change of use have a detrimental effect on rental income or tenant mix. A clause drafted in this manner will ensure that the landlord is able to control tenant mix but not be penalised at rent review by a narrowly worded user clause.

28.20听Covenants to trade

As the rent payable to the landlord is in whole or in part related to turnover the landlord must ensure that the tenant operates a normal trading pattern in line with other retailers and does not seek to open only during limited periods when he might secure maximum profit but keep turnover and therefore rent at a lower level than might otherwise be achieved. It is usual therefore for the听lease听to include a clause requiring, inter alia, the tenant to keep open during 鈥榥ormal hours鈥�, the clause should also be sufficiently flexible to allow variations for extended Christmas opening or Sunday trading.

This covenant might also cover such matters as membership of a merchants鈥� association, standard of window displays and the stocking of the shop.

28.21听Security of tenure

In order that the Landlord may regain possession at the contractual end of the听lease听it is common practice for turnover leases to be contracted out of Part II of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 (the provisions relating to security of tenure for business tenancies).

28.22听Performance clauses

Performance clauses are a common feature in turnover leases. The clause will usually specify a minimum turnover level, usually linked to the Retail Prices Index, which if not met allows the landlord to determine the听lease, often at short notice. These provisions give landlords the flexibility to remove poorly performing tenants without waiting for the end of the听lease听or for the tenant to leave of their own volition, delay which would be potentially damaging to the performance of a centre as a whole.

28.23听Forms of return

It is of the utmost importance that听Forms of Return听(FORs) are carefully examined to identify if properties are let on terms where the rent is based on turnover. It is not uncommon for there to be a mix of traditional leases and turnover leases within the same development. Valuers therefore need to be wary of any development where there is such a mix to ensure that rack rents are not 鈥樷€榞rossed up鈥欌€� or indeed base rents adopted as evidence of full rental value in the mistaken belief that they are rack rents.

The RALD FOR VO 6003 (and VO 6007) asks questions which should yield sufficient initial information to determine whether a property is let on a turnover听lease. Part 8 asks if the rent paid, if not based on open market rental value, is amongst other options based on a percentage of turnover or a percentage of open market rental value and if so to provide details of the basis. If the form is completed accurately then it should be self-evident whether the rent under a particular听lease听is in any way related to turnover. FOR VO 6066 has been specifically designed to enable more accurate data capture of turnover rent data.

Some returned RALDs/FORs may not indicate whether the rent specified is turnover/base or full open market rent. The valuer should seek more detail, either from the occupier or using their own experience and knowledge of a development in identifying units let on a turnover basis. For example, analysis of a rent which is markedly above or below adjoining units might also be an indication that it has been let on a different basis to those other units.

28.24听Interpretation of turnover rents in听rateable value听terms

28.25听Turnover rents with a base rent geared to open market rental value

Where turnover rents are underpinned by a base rent at about the听AVD听which is geared to open market rental value, then the most direct and reliable route to the听rateable value听will usually be to gross up the geared rental paid. However, as for geared ground rents generally the lower the gearing the less weight should be attributable to the grossed-up rent. In these instances, the analysed grossed up rent can be tested compared with the following, where available:

a. rents paid for similar properties on a full open market basis (in a shopping centre where turnover rents are paid there will often be a mix of听lease听types either as a result of (i) the landlord鈥檚 policy (ii) some retailers will not enter into turnover leases (iii) turnover leases are inappropriate in respect of certain retailers such as travel agents or TV/Video rentals outlets where rent cannot easily be related to turnover) and/or

b. rents on comparable properties outside the development.

28.26听Turnover rents where base rent not geared to open market rental value close to听AVD

Where base rents are not geared regard will need to be had in the first instance to rents actually paid. Adopting as a starting point rents paid will present two fundamental problems: rent will vary from occupier to occupier, and potentially upward and downward on an annual basis.

28.27听It will be clear from the above that whilst base rents will often be set at a consistent level, rents paid when based on turnover will vary substantially, from trade to trade, when analysed as a 拢/sqm. Clearly the 拢/sqm in terms of听RV听to be adopted for units of a similar size, specification and location and whose occupation falls within the same mode or category should be uniform (a shop should be valued as a shop and not any particular kind of shop) and a judgement will be required to determine a level of value which is reasonably applicable to all from a wide range of rents actually paid.

28.28听It is recommended that actual rents paid, some of which may be base rents where turnover is insufficient to support a turnover rent in excess of the base, are analysed and as a first step the average of all taken. Where the average is distorted by a small number of either very low or very high rents, regard might also be had to an average rent excluding those at the range extremes. Ultimately the level of value adopted should not be based on an average rent which is paid by only a small proportion of the total number of occupiers. Rental analysis should ideally involve at least 3 years, where possible, around the听AVD听in order that any discernible trends might be identified.

28.29听Higher rents achieved may be criticised as being a product of the additional trade generated by a protected monopolistic or near monopolistic trading position secured by the contractual agreement between the actual landlord and tenant, effectively representing a premium over the value of the听hereditament听vacant and to let. This criticism has in the past been upheld by the Lands Tribunal in the context of tender rents in respect of听local authority听shops let on a trade specific basis (W.A. Rawlinson & Co. Ltd. v Pritchard (VO) 1959 LT 52 RIT 182 and Southend BC v Haynes (VO) 1959 LT 52 RIT 313). In these appeals however, the Tribunal were able to rely on rental and assessment evidence in respect of comparable properties to arrive at a decision. In many if not most developments where turnover rents (without a geared base rent) are employed, meaningful comparison will not be possible. Although the criticism is not without foundation it must not be forgotten that 鈥榣ow鈥� rents will also be paid by tenants who might not ordinarily be able to afford the normal 鈥榞oing rate鈥�; these also being a product of the actual landlord鈥檚 letting policy in seeking to achieve the optimum tenant mix.

28.30听Taking an average, subject to the above caveats regarding the range, will reconcile a range of user specific rents with what might be achieved 鈥榓cross the board鈥� for the properties vacant and to let on the statutory terms. Averaging rents as recommended above addresses the problem of various levels of rent being paid for similar property, but rental levels under turnover leases will also potentially vary annually and may go down as well as up; what is paid one year will not necessarily be paid in the next.

28.31听The potential for rents under turnover leases to vary annually might be argued to mirror what could happen under the rating hypothesis; a year to year tenancy, with reasonable prospect of continuance, which may be terminated on its anniversary by either party giving, say, 6 months鈥� notice, and with it the opportunity to review the rent either upward or downward, this contention however should be resisted.

During the continuance of the hypothetical tenancy it is reasonable for the landlord and tenant to revise the rent at intervals which reflects and balances the wishes of both; providing each with a degree of certainty to future income/liability and the landlord with the comfort of a future review as protection against inflation. For these reasons market rental evidence agreed on terms where the rent is reviewed following the normal rent review pattern (reflecting the balance struck between the parties in reality) is generally to be preferred. It is therefore suggested that听RV听be assessed on the assumption that rent reviews would follow the pattern common to similar properties in the locality let on traditional leases.

The average rent paid in the year prior to the听AVD听should be taken as a starting point and based upon recent trading performance a view taken as to what the expectation of future levels would be. Expectation informed by pre听AVD听trading might reasonably be tested against immediately post听AVD听turnover information. The听RV听level adopted must take account of the fact that future actual rents payable are potentially cushioned by the turnover provisions, with rent being allowed to fall if turnover falls, subject to any base rent limits. In setting a rental level on听RV听terms which is envisaged would be fixed for a period in line with the prevailing normal rent review pattern, the tenant therefore carries some risk when compared with actuality, past performance being no guarantee of the future. It is to be expected that there is a variation between rents agreed in the two circumstances to reflect these divergent risks. If it is expected that the pre听AVD听level of turnover and therefore rent will be maintained/increased modestly then this level should be adopted without adjustment. If however it is anticipated that pre听AVD听levels will not be maintained, a discount should be considered. The level of discount to be judged against the expectation for future movements but tempered by the fact that the latest base rent level will act as a floor. (As outlined above it is not uncommon for the base rent itself to be reviewable, on an upwards only basis, typically to 80% of the previous year鈥檚 rent).

Where the expectation based on the pre听AVD听turnover and rental information is that performance will increase markedly, then consideration should be given to adopting a figure higher than the average rent paid at听AVD. This approach should only be adopted where there is an established turnover record showing consistent increases and a firm expectation that such improving performance will continue. Performance clauses in effect set a level of turnover, which the parties expect, will be achieved and therefore the rent the tenant expects to pay. In addition to a consideration of base and actual rents paid these might also be considered, especially in the case of new developments where there is little turnover information.

The following cases offer further guidance:

Morrison EF (GP) Limited v Assessor for Central Scotland [2003] LTS/VA/2001/16, 21, 25, 38, 39 & 47; [2004] RA 76

Allen (VO) v Freemans Plc [2009] UKUT 240 (LC); [2009] RA/2/2007

The reliability of the rent as an indication of the rack rental value of the听hereditament听will depend on a number of factors. The most common are set out in the following paragraphs. Essential rents, unless rental evidence for a particular class is very scarce, will be drawn from the 鈥榤ost reliable鈥� category.

29.1听Rents on new lettings

These should generally be regarded as being the 鈥榤ost reliable鈥� category. They may, still require adjustment if, for example, an excess rent-free period or other landlords incentive has been allowed. (See Part 5.) Consideration needs to be given as to how the rent was fixed. In the past, a rent agreed by private treaty was regarded as being the most reliable and tender rents were treated with caution. In recent times tendering has become more common, and large companies tendering for accommodation in a good location are unlikely to make ill-considered bids. It is possible, however, that a small retailer might make a reckless bid when tendering for a unit in a suburban parade of shops which is subject to a strict user-limitation.听(W A Rawlinson & Co Ltd v Pritchard (VO) [1959] LT 52 R & IT 182.)听A similar approach to that outlined in Part 12, key money, may assist to determine the reliability of tender rents.

29.2听Anchor tenants

Frequently, in a newly developed centre, some rents may be set at what appears to be an artificially low level in order to attract key or anchor tenants. Such tenants, as a class, are in a strong bargaining position before the shopping centre has become established, but it is arguable that because such preferential rents had been agreed before the adjoining, probably smaller, shops were let, they may not reflect their true value as part of the completed development. The position may well be different at rent review. However, if the evidence shows that several large space-users have agreed rents at levels that, when adjusted properly to reflect improvements and incentives etc. broadly form a distinguishable pattern, it would be difficult to escape the conclusion that the level is appropriate to those large shops as a separate class. If a rent is to be disregarded it will be necessary to have more compelling rental evidence to displace it.听(F W Woolworth & Co Ltd v Moore (VO) [1978] LT RA 186 and Marks and Spencer Leamington Spa v Sanderson (VO) [1992] LT RA 63.)

29.3听Lease听renewals

If the听lease听has been renewed, then the provisions of the LTA 1954 may apply and it will be necessary to find out whether the rent was agreed by negotiation between the parties, or fixed by the courts in accordance with section 34 of the Act in default of agreement. A rent fixed by the court may be unreliable if, for example, only one side has put forward a figure for consideration.

a) Interim rents

An interim rent is the rent, which may be agreed or determined by the court, to be payable after the contractual term has ended but whilst the tenancy is continued by statute until it is terminated, whether or not a new tenancy is granted on termination (Section 24 Pt II L&T Act 1954).

For rating purposes interim rents are considered suspect due to the fact they may not have been freely negotiated on the open market. The Regulatory Reform (Business Tenancies) (England and Wales) Order 2003 modernised the workings of Part 2 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954. The detailed changes to the working of the 1954 Act took effect from 1 June 2004, as do accompanying changes to the statutory notices and changes to the Civil Procedure Rules.

Changes to the interim rent process are summarised as follows:

i) Both landlords and tenants can now apply to court for a determination of an interim rent (prior to the changes only the landlord could do so). This means that landlords are no longer guaranteed to receive the existing contractual rent in respect of a听lease听renewal, as tenants are likely to apply to court for an interim rent in falling rental markets.

ii) In addition, an interim rent is now payable from the earliest termination date that could have been specified in a section 25 notice or a section 26 request (section 24B of the 1954 Act). As a result, the scope for the tactical serving of such notices or requests has been reduced significantly, since parties can no longer delay the start date for the payment of interim rent by giving 12 months鈥� notice to determine the tenancy after the听lease听expiry date.

iii) The amount of interim rent will be fairer to both parties. Usually, it will be the rent for the new tenancy (i.e. open market rent), backdated, but subject to adjustment if market conditions change significantly over the period interim rent is payable. Similarly, there may be an adjustment if the new occupational terms are significantly different from the old ones. In some cases, the old method of determining interim rent will continue to apply e.g. if the landlord opposes renewal.

b) Consideration of interim rent and market rent

Prior to the changes it was held the amount of the interim rent must 鈥渉ave regard to鈥� the rent payable under, and the terms of the current tenancy, and be determined, on the assumption that the tenancy is an annual tenancy, as at the date at which the interim rent starts to run. This very often resulted in the interim rent being less than the new Section 34 market rent payable under the new tenancy when granted. There was a discount, or 鈥渃ushion鈥�, as it was more usually described. Under the 2004 Reforms, this has changed, and at first sight (but not invariably) the Section 34 market rent payable initially under the new tenancy will be the interim rent as well. In most cases, the 鈥榗ushion鈥� will no longer exist.

The new criteria for determination are however complex and an open market rent will not always result. The interim rent will usually be the same as the renewal rent, open market rent, if three conditions are satisfied:

1) The tenant was in occupation of the entire premises at the date of notice 2) The landlord did not oppose renewal 3) A new tenancy of the entire demise is granted.

The exceptions to the above are:

i)听If the terms of the new tenancy are so different from the old tenancy that it would make a substantial difference to the market rent. In this case the interim rent will be a reasonable rent for the tenant to pay while the old tenancy continues. Where a sub tenancy of part exists regard will be had to the level of rent payable for that part.

ii)听The interim rent payable under the new tenancy differs substantially from the market rent at the date when interim rent is payable. In this case the interim rent will be determined in accordance with market conditions at the time that interim rent became payable.

iii)听Both (i) and (ii) above apply. In this case the interim rent will be that which it is reasonable to pay.

If none of the three conditions are satisfied nor the exceptions applicable, then the old approach to interim rents is adopted except that regard will be given to the rent payable under any sub tenancy of part of the property comprised in the tenancy. This will result in the rent being calculated by a formula, which produces a discounted market rent.

Interim rents should therefore still be treated with caution. Full facts of how it was determined will be required to judge its reliability for rating purposes.

c. Surrender and Renewals

Care should be taken when determining what weight should be given to rents resulting from surrender and renewal, because getting 鈥榖ehind鈥� the deal and understanding the thinking of the parties is often extremely difficult. In Allen (VO) v Freemans plc [2011] UT(LC) RA 91 [UT Neutral citation number: [2009] UKUT 240 (LC)], a 鈥榮urrender and renewal鈥� rent on the subject property that had been relied upon by the VT was on appeal given little weight by the UT, and virtually no weight once the strength of comparable evidence was taken into consideration.

In paragraph 58 of the decision: 鈥楾he appeal hereditament was let under the 1972 lease which was surrendered, and a new lease granted in November 2003. The VT accepted that the initial rent of 拢850,000 passing under the new lease was the best evidence of rental value and it determined that this figure should be the rateable value. In my opinion it was wrong to do so. Even if the rent under the 2003 lease was the best and/or only evidence that fell to be considered then the VT were wrong not to have taken into account the future stepped rental increases at the 5 and 10 year rent reviews. It should have considered the equivalent (constant) rent rather than the initial rent.鈥�

The UT in Allen v Freemans also expressed its opinion that the surrendered lease was a ground lease. (See para 68) and that the actual rent under the new lease is not of assistance (Para 71).

29.4听Review rents

If the rent has been fixed on review, a number of points have to be considered in gauging its reliability.

a. Rent review basis

For the review rent to be of most use as evidence for our purpose, the review clause should specify that the review is to 鈥渙pen market value鈥� or 鈥渞ack rental value鈥� assuming vacant possession, and a normal review frequency. In recent years there has been a great deal of Landlord and Tenant litigation on the meaning of various common phrases within rent review clauses, and bad drafting can often lead to unexpected results (for example听99 Bishopsgate Ltd v Prudential Assurance Co Ltd [1985] CA 273 EG 984).

If the review rent is merely a stepped rent (i.e. to a figure which was agreed at the commencement of the听lease), then it will not represent the rack rental value at the review date. Similarly, if the review clause contains a special formula for calculating the rent, the result must be treated with circumspection. Occasionally, leases provide for the review rent to be indexed, for example, in accordance with the RPI. This will invalidate the review rent as a measure of market value.

If the review is upwards only and the rent has not been increased following the review, it should be borne in mind that the rent passing could be in excess of open market value.

b. Agreed or arbitration

The weight to be attached to a rent fixed by agreement will be greater than if the parties resorted to an independent expert. In making their awards, independent experts are entitled to bring their own knowledge of values to bear. Rents determined by arbitration are less helpful as arbitrators cannot stray outside the confines of the evidence presented (See听Vines Limited v De Mauny (VO) [2011] UT(LC) RA 128, at paragraph 24, where in weighing up evidence in that particular matter, a rent determined by arbitration was not considered admissible).

c. Restricted-user clause

If there is a restricted-user clause the rent may be distorted on account of it. (See听WA Rawlinson & Co Ltd v Pritchard (VO) [1959] LT 52 R & IT 182).

29.5听Geared ground rents

A ground rent is a rent paid for vacant land. Traditionally ground rents reflected the value of the land only and were subject to very infrequent review.

Modern ground leases normally incorporate periodic rent reviews (5 yearly reviews are common) and often the basis of review is an agreed proportion of the rack rental value of the completed property or development.

Therefore, ground rents should not be ignored as they may well provide useful evidence. However geared ground rents which represent only a small percentage of the open market rental value should be treated with caution as there is less of an incentive for the parties to agree a true open market rent.

29.6听Sale and leasebacks

A sale and leaseback is an arrangement whereby a freeholder, or in some instances a leaseholder, sells their interest in a property for an agreed sum and takes a听lease听back on the whole or part of the property from the purchaser. Agents often argue that the rents resulting from sale and leaseback transactions are unreliable because they are the product of a financial arrangement and reflect the cost of borrowing rather than an open market rental value. In the case of some initial rents this may be true. It is also not uncommon for the initial rent to be higher than the open market rental value in order to increase the value of the freehold interest sold. However, purchasers of the property are likely to be wary of an inflated rent depending on the covenant of the new lessee. Leaseback rents may therefore be intended to be at market rental values. Whether or not this is so will vary from case to case.

In the case of听John Lewis and Co Ltd v Goodwin (VO) and Westminster CC 1988 LT RA 1听the Lands Tribunal, in the absence of any direct evidence of department store rents, considered in detail a leaseback rent on Debenhams in Oxford Street. The member held 鈥渢he Debenhams leaseback rent鈥� cannot be accepted as dependable evidence of market rental value. Market rental value is by common consent geared primarily to profitability whereas a leaseback transaction is essentially a funding operation in the context of which the initial rent is geared not so much to profitability as to the relative strengths of the property market at the time the transaction is arranged鈥�.

The situation may well be different where the rent agreed when granting a new听lease resulting from a sale and leaseback is subject to a rent review. It is quite common for the rent review clause to specify that the rent should be an open market rent. Some review clauses however may continue to gear the rent to the initial funding arrangement.

It is therefore essential that VOs carefully consider any sale and leaseback transaction and, if possible, obtain a copy of the听lease听(together with any side letters and deeds of variation as appropriate) in order to establish the true nature of the arrangement and the weight, if any, to be attached to the rent.

29.7听Connected parties

If the landlord and tenant are connected parties, there must inevitably be severe doubt as to whether the rent is reliable. It should therefore be regarded as suspect, but nevertheless adjusted and analysed, until there is positive evidence to demonstrate its unreliability.

Under the Local Government Act 1988, the amount of rates payable by charities is usually reduced. The effect is that charities pay only one-fifth of the rates that would otherwise be due. For occupied property, two qualifications must be met:

1. The听ratepayer听must be a charity or trustees for a charity; and

2. The听hereditament听must be wholly or mainly used for charitable purposes (whether of that charity or of that and other charities).

It should be noted that in certain instances, the remaining 20% of rates payable by a charity may be subject to further discretionary relief by the听local authority.

Where an occupier enjoys the benefit of charitable relief, it may affect its ability to pay rent and allow it to outbid other potential occupiers. Where the analysis of a rent on a property occupied by a charity is out of line with the rents on other similar properties, this may be the reason.

The Complexity Indicator in the VOA鈥檚 RSA system is based on responses to questions in the rent return form and is automatically set. As it is not based on subjective opinion, this is a useful indicator as to whether significant adjustments may be required.

Complexity indicator

0 = None = Repairs and / or Insurance not Tenant鈥檚 responsibility = Rent free period 3 = Living accommodation included in rent 4 = Stepped rent 5 = Premium paid / received 6 = Car parking included in rent 7 = Expenditure on improvements 8 = Rates, water charges and services included in rent 9 = Other factors affecting rent e.g. break clause or restricted user.

The relevant date is usually the start of the period during which the adjusted rent takes effect. This will be the date of commencement or assignment of the听lease, or the date of review. It will coincide with the date on which the occupier started paying the rent, except where the rent is paid in arrears or there is a rent-free period. However, it is quite common for some buildings to be pre-let and the date the rent was agreed (see question 3.3 of RALD FOR VO 6003) may well be some time before the commencement of the听lease. In such circumstances the relevant date should be taken as the date that the rent was agreed, unless it is believed that rental movements in the period to the commencement of the听lease听have been anticipated.

Where the rent cannot be reduced on review and a review has passed and the rent has not been increased the relevant date can only reliably be taken as the date when the amount of rent originally took effect.

The antecedent valuation date (AVD) for the 2023 Revaluation in England and Wales is 1 April 2021.

In Paragraph 29, the reliability of the various types of rents were considered, from 鈥榤ost reliable鈥�, typically new lettings, to those that cannot be afforded much weight at all, such as connected party rents.听

When it comes to assistance in making rating valuations for the 2023 Revaluation, the date of the rent is also important. Whilst it does not impact the reliability of any individual rent as such, rents closer to AVD are ordinarily seen as providing greater assistance in ascribing levels of valuation. This is because the closer to the AVD the rent, the more likely a rent will reflect the economic circumstances and the levels of value found at the valuation date. Therefore, it is natural for Valuation Officers to give greater scrutiny to rents agreed up to and around the antecedent valuation date, solely because of the confluence of the effective date of the rental agreement and the valuation date for rating lists in England and Wales.

The analysis of rents, analysis of market information and the production of valuations for rating lists is outside the scope of this note. However, it is useful to consider the way physical and economic events around AVD might affect the nature of rents, and thereby impact the prevalence and types of rents likely to be encountered and relied upon for Revaluation 2023 purposes.

33.1听Some Considerations around AVD 1 April 2021

Revaluations happen to reflect the economic changes in relative values due to economic circumstances and physical changes that occur over time between different property sectors, counties, larger regions, smaller localities, individual locations and specific positions.

Leading up to the AVD for this Revaluation, Brexit and the impact of the SARS Cov 2 Pandemic (Covid 19) are nationwide events that have had an impact on many sectors of the economy, including non-domestic property. These impacts may be positive or negative and it is anticipated that they will be reflected in rental levels agreed at the relevant dates.

Other significant proposals and associated preparatory work that could have a wide impact across certain sectors and counties include the High Speed 2 rail link (HS2), 鈥楥rossrail鈥� in London and 鈥楴orthern Powerhouse鈥�.

33.2听SARS Cov 2 (Covid 19)

The levels of government support and the use of 鈥榣ock down鈥� in tackling the Covid 19 pandemic pose certain challenges at this revaluation. For example, reduced rental activity in a sector will result in fewer or no rents to adjust. Conversely, heightened or normal rental activity in other sectors may provide reasonable amounts of rental evidence that reflect the prevailing economic circumstances for that sector, assuming the rents are adjusted properly.

Whilst they may not be afforded the same weight as a new letting (see paragraph 29), some existing rent and lease arrangements may have been changed or renegotiated as a result of the Covid 19 pandemic. For those sectors likely to have experienced a negative impact, such as hospitality, leisure, retail and places reliant on large numbers meeting together, rents may already have a 鈥榩rofit share鈥� or 鈥榯urnover鈥� element built in; in such instances it is important to establish the actual amount paid for the appropriate period and weight accordingly. More traditional rents may have been renegotiated or altered in some way; for example, this might include rent holidays, rates only periods, rent deferment or re-gearing of leases to allow reduced rents now and increased payments later. It is critical to establish all the facts before making an adjustment and carefully weigh up the reliability of such a rent.

The economic impact of the pandemic has resulted in various levels of support being provided to many sectors and individuals by the governments of England and Wales. An initial and enduring principle behind these measures is that of enabling the economy to bounce back once the threats presented by the pandemic subside. This was initially anticipated to be a matter of months, but the impacts and support has been rather more sustained. Having said that, it is fair to say that at even the gloomiest stages of the pandemic, many businesses anticipated being able to operate freely again (albeit with some social distancing rules) in a matter of months. This means short term impacts on rents should be considered in the context of the prevailing anticipation that economic circumstances will markedly improve. In other words, adjustments of temporary measures must be made with an eye on the reasonable prospect of continuance, allowing the generally anticipated return to 鈥榥ormal鈥� times ahead to be factored into rental adjustments.

Any new lettings since March 2020 are of interest. These should also be afforded proper scrutiny to ensure that all pertinent facts are known, including the duration of the letting. Having a full understanding of the situation will give the best possible outcome in adjusting the rent and, if there are reasonable numbers of such adjusted rents, allow valuation officers to properly reflect the economic prospects and circumstances at the AVD of 1 April 2021 in their final R 2023 valuations.